ABSTRACT
Aim: Immunostimulation, before the fish is able to mount an effective immune response, can induce tolerance. Therefore, present study was carried out to investigate the structural development of lymphoid organs, namely thymus, kidney and spleen of Indian major carp, Catla (Catla catla), which will help in deciding the appropriate age, when immunocompetence is established. Methodology: In this study, ontogeny of the lymphoid organs of catla was studied from hatching up to 54 days post hatch (dph). For this, whole fish were fixed, processed and embedded in paraffin wax. Further, serial sections were cut, stained and observed under microscope. Results: The thymus anlage appeared in the dorso-anterior part of the gill cavity at 1 dph. At 5 dph, an undifferentiated mass of stem cells was observed and by 8 dph, it appeared lymphoid. At 11 dph, clear dark and light zones of cells were observed. At 26 dph, Hassall’s corpuscles were observed and no further changes were observed except increase in number of lymphoid cells till end of the sampling period. Kidney was observed as an undifferentiated mass of stem cells at 1 dph with few renal tubules. At 5 dph, undifferentiated stem cells increased in number, and by 8 dph, few erythropoietic cells were observed. At 11 dph, lymphoid cells were present and by 17 dph, renal tubules started degenerating. At 26 dph, anterior kidney completely lacked excretory tissue and appeared lymphoid. Spleen was observed at 3 dph as an undifferentiated mass of stem cells, and at 8 dph, erythrocytes were seen. At 11 dph, spleen was heavily packed with erythrocytes, whereas at 20 dph, the number of erythrocytes decreased and lymphocytes were observed. Fully developed spleen was observed at 33 dph with presence of red and white pulp.
ABSTRACT
Background: Globally, in resistant malaria endemic zones, even the latest lines of MDTs (multi drug therapes) are yielding chaotic results. These include unacceptable side effects/contraindications, with poor prognosis in juveniles/adolescents. Juvenile stage is intensely humoral and up-regulate infestation. MDTs are more unpredictable in the juveniles, and fail in the geriatric group. Pharmacies are also failing. Tropical-equatorial conditions necessitate frugal body cover cum bare foot life style. Typical geomorphology, orography, meteorology, flora and fauna provide year round conducive conditions for vector bionomics and for other types of infections. OMARIA (Orissa Malaria Research Indigenous Attempt) is a new anti-malaria phytotherapy that has been in mono station use (Koraput, India) since 1998 in drug resistant core endemic regions, also well known for tertian type. It transpired out of Koraput Model to Fight Malaria at Home with OMARIA. Materials and Methods: OMARIA is composed of the dry rind of the Indo-year round fruiting Punica granatum (Dalimba). Principal drug moieties are: (i) ellagic acid; (ii)punicalagin (iii) punicalin and (iv) potassium (K+). Are physiologically compatible and has never been used before. All the moieties being non alkaloids offer a paradigm shift among anti-malarials. Results: OMARIA kills and clears hemoprotozoas of all spp., at all stages (including gametocytes) in patients of all ages and chronicity. Is potently anti-inflammatory vis-a-vis WBCs; blocks transmission; prevents relapse and non- recrudescence; and is very useful in severe/acute/complicated/refractory malaria and in sickle cell patients. No development of resistance. Potassium (K+) probably acts as the drug’s efficacy upregulator. Conclusion: OMARIA is prophylactic and therapeutic in target groups. Is useful in numerous forms of malaria, being active against key stages of the parasite (complicated or systemic status); and in patients having multiple infections. It has synergistic and possibly buffering roles. Koraput Model has been of much help to the afflicted communities and to the administrations.
ABSTRACT
Background: There is paucity of studies evaluating the role of asymmetry index (AI) on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Aim: To evaluate cerebellar perfusion in ICH employing SPECT study and correlate with clinical and CT scan findings. Setting and Design: Tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: A total of 29 patients with ICH were subjected to neurological examination including Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Canadian Neurological Stroke Scale (CNS). Clinical features of raised intracranial pressure and herniation were noted. On CT scan, ICH location, volume, ventricular extension and midline (ML) shift were noted. On SPECT, cerebral and cerebellar perfusion was measured semiquantitatively and AI calculated. Outcome was defined at 3 months into poor and good. Results: Fourteen patients had putaminal and 15 thalamic hemorrhages. Their mean age was 59 years. The mean GCS score was 10 and CNS score 2.8. Hematoma was large in five, medium in 16 and small in eight patients. ML shift was present in 15 and hematoma extended to ventricule in 16 patients. On SPECT, cerebellar AI significantly related to ML shift but not with size of hematoma. AI was low in patients with ML shift. Outcome was related to GCS score, ML shift, size of hematoma and cerebellar AI. Conclusion: In acute stage of ICH, cerebellar AI is lower in patients with more severe stroke having ML shift.
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We report a case of a patient with carcinoma breast who was incidentally diagnosed to be also suffering from Paget's disease of bone on a routine radionuclide bone scan. CT-guided biopsy and histopathology later confirmed the diagnosis.