ABSTRACT
Objetivo.Evaluar los tipos de perfil facial blando mediante los ángulos de convexidad facial (ACF) y convexidad facial total (ACFT) y su relación con la posición distal de los segundos molares primarios en niños entre 3 y 5 años. Métodos. Estudio transversal en 28 niños chilenos con al menos un apellido de origen español y dentición primaria completa, quienes cumplían con los requisitos del estudio. Para evaluar el ACF y ACFT se tomó fotografía digital estandarizada del perfil lateral. Con la prueba exacta de Fisher se comparó los perfiles blandos según edad y género, y con t de Student para muestra única se evaluó los promedios angulares. Resultados. Para el ACF la media fue 167,1° ± 5,1, y para ACFT 145,8° ± 3,7. Se observó convexidad alta del ACF en 21,4% de los niños, media en 60,7% y baja en 17,9%; y para el ACFT en 17,9%, 67,9% y 14,2% res-pectivamente. El promedio del ACF para la relación molar escalón mesial, plano vertical y escalón distal fue de 169,2° ± 3.7, 168° ± 4,9 y 162,5°±4,8, mientras que para ACFT fue 146,7° ± 4,4, 146,3° ± 3,6 y 143,5° ± 2,8 respectivamente. Conclusiones. Se observó para ACF relación significativa entre la presencia de perfil convexo alto y escalón distal, además de diferencia significativa entre el promedio de este ángulo en escalón distal en comparación al promedio de referencia. El ACF puede ser indicador aceptable de escalón distal, sin embargo, no es certero al evaluar un plano vertical o escalón mesial. Palabras clave: Cefalometría; Preescolar; Fotografía; Dentición (fuente: DeCS Bireme).
Objetive. To observe the types of soft facial profile according to the angles of facial convexity (FCA) and total facial convexity (TFCA), in addition to evaluating their rela-tionship with the distal position of the primary second molars in children between 3 and 5 years. Methods. Twenty-eight out of 200 children with complete primary dentition were examined to determine the distal relation of primary second molars, and a digital photographic examination of their lateral profile was performed to evaluate the ACF and ACFT. With the Fisher's exact test, soft tissue profiles were compared according to age and gender, and with Student t test for a single sample, the angular averages were evaluated. Results. The mean of the FCA was 167.1 ° ± 5.1, and the TFCA was 145.8 ° ± 3.7. A high convexity of the FCA was observed in 21.4% of the children, medium in 60.7% and low in 17.9%. While in the TFCA it was divided into 17.9% with high convexity, 67.9% medium and 14.2% low. The average value of the FCA for the mesial step, flush terminal and distal step 169.2 ° ± 3.7, 168 ° ± 4.9 and 162.5 ° ± 4.8, while the average of the TFCA was 146.7 ° ± 4.4, 146.3 ° ± 3.6 and 143.5 ° ± 2.8 respectively. Conclusions. A significant relationship between the presence of a high convex profile and a distal step molar relationship was observed for the FCA, as well as a significant difference between the average of this angle in distal step compared to the reference average. Keywords: Cephalometry; Child preschool; Photography; Tooth Deciduous (source: MeSH NLM).
ABSTRACT
Objetivo.El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la prevalencia de las anomalías dentomaxilares en niños de 3 a 10 años que solicitaron atención en la Facultad de Odon-tología de la Universidad de Chile en el año 2018. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio des-criptivo y de tipo transversal, donde el universo correspondió a los pacientes atendidos en la UTE (Unidad de Trabajo del Estudiante) Clínica del niño y adolescente de 4to año de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile. Cohorte 2018. Para la evaluación de anomalías dentomaxilares se consideró la Clasificación Biogenética de Bonn Modificada. Anomalías intermaxilares. Resultados. Del total de la muestra analizada (n: 106), el 45,1% de los pacientes presentaron alteraciones de tipo transversal, vertical y/o sagital. Conclusiones. La anomalía transversal más prevalente fue la mordida cruzada unilateral. La anomalía vertical más prevalente fue la sobremordida. Las anomalías sagitales más prevalente fueron las distoclusiones y la mordida invertida simple. Palabras clave: Niño; Maloclusión; Ortodoncia (fuente: DeCS BIREME).
Objetive. The present study aimed to analyze the prevalence of dentomaxillary anomalies in children aged 3 to 10 years old who requested attention at the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Chile in the year 2018. Methods. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, where the universe corresponded to the patients attended in the SWU (Student Work Unit) of the Child and Adolescent Clinic of the 4th year of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Chile. Cohort 2018. For the evaluation of dentomaxillary anomalies, the Modified Bonn Biogenetic Classification was considered. Intermaxillary abnormalities. Results. Of the total sample analyzed (n: 106), 45.1% of the patients presented transverse, vertical and/or sagittal type alterations. Conclusions. The most prevalent transversal anomaly was the unilateral cross bite. The most prevalent vertical anomaly was the deep bite. The most prevalent sagittal anomalies were the distoclusions and the simple Inverted bite. Keywords: Child; Malocclusion; Orthodontics (Source: MeSH NLM).
ABSTRACT
Introduction Dating violence, a recent topic in scientific investigation, has an incidence ranging from 22% to 33% among young people. These findings are supported by a previous study that showed that about one third of high school and college students have experienced physical violence from a dating partner. Similarly, National and international studies (e.g. National Survey on Family Relations Dynamics and the International Dating Violence Study) found an incidence of violence between dating partners ranging from 10% to 45% among college students worldwide. Although there is evidence that men also experience violence perpetrated by women and that violence occurs in same sex relationships, the research continues to show that violence is usually perpetrated by men against women. However, past studies have focused on the occurrence of physical violence which signals the possibility that other types of violence, such as emotional or social, have a higher incidence. Their incidence varies and the harmful physical, emotional, and social consequences that they imply point to the need of creating prevention programs targeted at youth populations. It is important to prevent violence in a first stage by raising youth's awareness of this problem and, ideally, also by achieving a change in their behaviors and attitudes as well as in the social norms that promote its occurrence. In order to address all of these components of prevention, programs have been developed that do not only inform youth about violence, but also facilitate the formation of social skills through active participation and role playing which allows individuals to practice new models of interaction that are violence free. In addition, programs have to consider that many schools lack the disposition or the resources to impart long prevention workshops. For this reason, the development of brief prevention strategies has become imperative. The program «I want to, I can… prevent violence: Raising awareness of dating violence through a brief intervention¼ was developed, implemented, and evaluated with the objective of raising youth's awareness and increasing their knowledge about dating violence, its precursors related to gender and cultural norms and its physical, emotional, and social consequences. Materials and method The program consisted of eight interactive conferences imparted at different public high schools in Mexico. The conferences reached a total of 2250 participants in four different urban areas in the country. The conferences consisted of a presentation and different interaction exercises with a total duration of two hours and thirty minutes. The topics covered in each conference were: life skills (assertive communication, negotiation, decision-making), differentiation of the concepts of sex, sexuality and gender and how these are related to violence, what is and how to recognize violence, types of violence, gender roles and stereotypes, how to recognize violence in a dating relationship, and how to express love in a healthy way. A questionnaire, which included the following sections, was developed to assess participants' attitudes toward violence: a) Ability to recognize violence in everyday interactions: Identifying signs of violence in the behaviors and attitudes of characters presented in eight different cases of interactions between dating partners. b) Attitudes toward violence: Rating levels of agreement with statements that promote or discourage violence. c) Causes of violence: Ten causes of violence related to social norms that encourage men's aggression and promote gender inequality are presented; participants must identify the five that are false and the five that are true. d) Healthy ways of expressing love: Recognition of behaviors and signs in a dating relationship that imply the presence or the lack of love. The impact of the conference was evaluated by applying this brief questionnaire to a random sample of participants before and after the conferences. Across all high schools, a total number of 311 questionnaires were completed by participants before the conferences and 184 were completed after the conferences. Ideally, there should have been a longer term follow-up for which no funds were available. An explanatory model within the framework of the Item Response Theory (IRT) was used to analyze collected data. Results The results showed that the conference improved the participants' ability to identify violence and its causes as well as their understanding of healthy ways of expressing love. Responses also indicated favorable attitudes toward nonviolence both before and after the conference. The findings also suggest that participants might require more time to learn how to fully recognize assertive and violent communication as well as false causes of violence and that, ideally, programs should be undertaken to change behaviors not only create awareness and thus be carried out in smaller groups. An analysis of gender differences in responses to the questionnaire shows that women where better able to recognize violence, its causes, and healthy ways of expressing love. Women also had more favorable attitudes toward nonviolence. Discussion The findings show that raising awareness about dating violence through an interactive conference is an efficient brief first stage prevention strategy because it can promote important changes in participants' attitudes through a brief intervention. Participating adolescents showed an increase in their knowledge and awareness about the subject which allowed them to improve their recognition of violence in everyday life. The increase in their ability to recognize healthy ways of expressing love also points to an understanding of romantic relationships that does not exclude autonomy, assertiveness, and honesty. These changes could facilitate the participants' ability to identify myths and misinformation related to the causes of violence. In addition, awareness-raising can initiate a process of questioning and changing social norms that promote gender inequality, jealousy, and control as acceptable forms of violence within dating relationships. Gender differences in the findings suggest that men might need more time than women to fully understand the problem of dating violence which can be attributed to traditional gender role expectations related to violence and gender relationships. This signals the need to increase prevention programs' focus on masculinity, male roles in dating relationships, and how they can express feelings without violence and without limits related to gender stereotypes. The program's achievements indicate the importance of finding strategies that allow large audiences to learn about dating violence, recognize violence in everyday social interactions and understand how to ask for help. The interactive nature of the program goes beyond giving information to a large number of people as it allows participants to practice relationship skills and promotes reflection on the subject of violence. Throughout the program's implementation, schools demonstrated a great interest in raising awareness about dating violence. It would be convenient to utilize their interest in order to further implement prevention programs. The interactive and brief nature of our program allows schools to resolve the problem of lack of time and resources that might deter their participation. Preventing intimate partner violence must begin during adolescence in order to impede the development of unhealthy patterns of interaction that may become harder to change in adulthood.
Introducción La violencia en el noviazgo es un tema reciente en la investigación científica, cuya incidencia en personas jóvenes va de 22 a 33%. Aun cuando hay evidencias de mujeres que agreden a sus parejas masculinas y también existe violencia entre parejas del mismo sexo, la violencia de pareja sigue siendo predominantemente de control del hombre hacia la mujer. La incidencia de este tipo de violencia y sus consecuencias físicas, emocionales y sociales señalan la necesidad de crear programas de prevención en poblaciones jóvenes. Sin embargo, también debe tomarse en cuenta que en muchas escuelas no existe aún la disposición o los recursos para ofrecer talleres de prevención de larga duración enfocados a esta problemática. Por ello, resulta imperioso contar con estrategias breves que lleven a largo plazo a cambios de conductas en los jóvenes. El primer paso para lograr la prevención es la sensibilización en torno a esta problemática, lo cual permite empezar un proceso de cambio de normas sociales sobre el tema. El programa «Yo quiero, yo puedo… prevenir la violencia: Programa breve de sensibilización sobre violencia en el noviazgo¼ se desarrolló, instrumentó y evaluó con el objetivo de sensibilizar e incrementar la información que tienen las y los jóvenes sobre los antecedentes culturales y de género relacionados con la violencia en el noviazgo y sus consecuencias a nivel físico, emocional y social. Material y métodos Se impartieron ocho conferencias en preparatorias públicas en México; el total de participantes fue de 2250. Se elaboraron una presentación y un guión para impartir conferencias interactivas con duración de dos horas y treinta minutos dirigidas a jóvenes de nivel medio superior. Algunos de los temas incluidos en las conferencias fueron: habilidades para la vida, qué es y cómo reconocer la violencia, tipos de violencia, su relación con estereotipos de género y formas saludables de expresar el amor. Asimismo, se desarrolló un instrumento para evaluar conocimientos sobre y actitudes hacia la violencia, dividido en cuatro secciones. El impacto de la conferencia interactiva se evaluó mediante la aplicación de este instrumento antes y después de la conferencia impartida a una muestra al azar de la población beneficiada. Aunque idealmente se recomienda hacer un seguimiento del impacto del programa a largo plazo, la falta de recursos no lo permitió en este caso. Para el análisis de datos optamos por la aplicación de un modelo explicativo dentro del marco de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). Resultados Se logró que los participantes tuvieran un mayor reconocimiento de la violencia y de sus causas. También se logró que los participantes identificaran formas saludables de expresar el amor. Asimismo, los resultados demuestran que los alumnos entendieron que en las relaciones de noviazgo se pueden dar situaciones violentas. Discusión Los hallazgos muestran que la estrategia de sensibilización sobre el tema de la violencia, por medio de una conferencia interactiva, es eficiente ya que logra el objetivo planteado. Una conferencia de corta duración puede promover cambios importantes respecto a un mayor conocimiento y sensibilización frente a la problemática de la violencia. Ello facilita la identificación de situaciones de violencia en la vida cotidiana y el abandono de mitos y creencias falsas relacionadas con las causas de la violencia. Este tipo de programas interactivos y breves, que promueven la reflexión y la aplicación de habilidades relacionales, permite resolver problemas de falta de tiempo para la sensibilización en torno a la violencia en el noviazgo. Asimismo, hacerlo con grandes números de alumnos aumenta el beneficio a un menor costo. Las conferencias interactivas como la aplicada en este estudio abren canales de comunicación sobre el tema en los ambientes escolares y propician la formación de redes de ayuda al respecto.
ABSTRACT
O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a configuraçäo dos canais radiculares de humanos extraídos após o preparo com duas diferentes técnicas: cervical e rotatória, com o auxílio do microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). A análise foi feita através de microfotografias e verificou-se que ambos os sistemas proporcionaram planificaçäo das paredes dentinárias sem alteraçäo de sua configuraçäo e manutençäo do forame apical. Os dois grupos apresentaram desgaste acentuado da regiäo de maior concavidade da parede dentinária. Os autores sugerem novos estudos sobre o tema proposto