ABSTRACT
Background : Data pertaining to preventable causes of maternal mortality are valuable in each set up to design interventional steps for the significant reduction of the maternal mortality ratio. Objectives : (1) To study the trend on Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR); (2) To find out the factors for the Maternal Mortality. Material and Methods : A retrospective cross-sectional study of maternal death was conducted in the Obstetrics Department of Tertiary Care Hospital of Ahmedabad city. The data of total 9 years from 1st April 2013 to 31st January 2021 were taken in the study. Epidemiological factors and causes affecting maternal mortality were assessed through pretested questionnaire that includes parity, duration between admission and mortality etc. Results: Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) was 180.2 per 1 lac live births during the study period. Young mothersaged 20 to 30 years (78.5%), and rural residence (76.6%), multiparous mothers (66.7%)were at risk for Maternal Mortality. Obstetric haemorrhage (25.8%) was the most common cause whereas COVID-19 pandemic later on were indirect causes contributing to Maternal Mortality. Conclusion: Great Care should be taken for high-risk pregnancy like young age, multiparous women and also of postpartum women. Postpartum haemorrhage was the commonest direct cause of Maternal Mortality. Strengthening of existing obstetric care facilities, facility for easy transport, appropriate referral linkages are keys to reduce Maternal Mortality to further extent
ABSTRACT
Objectives : To find out (i) the proportion and the types of consanguinity and (ii) its correlation with fetal loss, neonatal deaths, complication related to obstetric and congenital abnormalities. Methods : All the delivered women at Tertiary Care Hospital were included in the cross sectional study during the study period. Total sample size was 6775. Information regarding educational status, occupation, consanguinity and pregnancy outcome was collected. Results : 17% consanguinity was found in selected people and among these marriages, 59.8% were between first cousins. There was highly significant difference observed between the consanguineous status of women and pregnancy outcome (Congenital malformations, abortion, Intrauterine death). Conclusion: The incidence of congenital abnormalities, Intrauterine Device (IUD) and abortion was found higher in Consanguineous marriages. There is a need to improve public awareness regarding problems related to Consanguineous marriages
ABSTRACT
Background: Because many Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) in India do not openly acknowledge their sexual behaviour, this has resulted in scanty knowledge about their sex behavior and its context. Without this knowledge it is difficult to plan effective MSM-related HIV prevention. The objective was to study the different socio-demographic characteristics of the MSM population, their pattern of sexual behavior and practices and to find out various reasons for sexual acts with men. Methods: Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted amongst 410 MSM in Drop In Centers of Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) working for MSM in Ahmedabad city through purposive sampling during the period of December 2010 – December 2011. Results: The mean age of the study population was 33.6 ± 9.4 years. The sexual practices of MSM were not limited to male partners only. 74.6% MSM had their first sexual act in adolescent age group (10-19 years) and the mean age of the first sexual act was only 17.2 ± 4.3 years. First sexual partner of MSM was a male friend (57.3%) followed by girlfriend (12.7%), relative (10%) etc. MSM had an average 3.8 different male partner per month with weekly average frequency of sexual act 7.4 which indicates more frequent sexual act with multiple male sexual partners. Preferred place for sexual act was at home (57.3%) followed by at Hotel (31.2%). The commonest reasons for sexual act of men with men given were for specific sexual acts either anal or oral sex (67.8%), desire for other men gender and or sexual orientation (66.1%) etc. Only 42.2% MSM were using condom consistently and 9.5% did not have knowledge that HIV can be transmitted by unprotected sexual intercourse while knowledge regarding HIV transmission by infected blood contact, infected needle and syringes and parent to child transmission were 57.8%, 48.5% and 27.6% respectively. Conclusions: MSM had more frequent sexual act with multiple male sexual partners preferably at home and 47.8% MSM were not using condom consistently.
ABSTRACT
Background: In India, the traditional drugs like opium, charas, bhang and ganja were used by sections of the society partly as leisure time activity and partly as part of the religious ceremony. Therefore, their consumptions did not invite much negative sanction from the society. The addictive potential of a drug varies from substance to substance, and from individual to individual. Dose, frequency, pharmacokinetics of a particular substance, route of administration, and time are critical factors for developing a drug addiction. Aims & Objective: (1) To identify the socio-demographic characteristics of the substance abusers; (2) To identify the substances commonly used other than tobacco; (3) To identify the effects of positive family history on starting the substance. Material and Methods: Interview based Cross-Sectional study was conducted among Substance abusers who were attending De-addiction centres “Naya Jivan Vyasan Mukti Kendra, Ahmedabad” Results: Substance abuse was commonly seen in the age group of 25-45 years (66.3%) and also in class IV and V (69.0%). Only males were found to get treatment in de-addiction centre for various addiction and 80.6% of them were married. 58.3% Substance abusers (58.3%) were living in nuclear families. Substance abuse was higher (75.8%) in less educated people (secondary or below). Age of initiation of substance was below 30 years of age (86.1%). Mean age for starting substance was 23.96 + 6.96 years. Commonly abused substances for which patients were coming to de-addiction centre were Alcohol (62.1%), Cannabis (13.6%), Brown sugar (13.6%), Alprazolam (2.9%), Cough syrup (1.9%), White Ink (2.9%). Friends were mostly responsible for initiating the substance abuse (81.6%). Headache (12.6%), vertigo (11.7%) and insomnia (11.7%) were most common presenting symptoms seen in substance abusers. Conclusion: The mean age of initiation of substance abuse was early twenties. Alcohol addiction was significantly associated with the positive family history of alcohol intake (p value <0.0001). Commonly abused substances for patients which were coming were Alcohol (62.1%), Cannabis (13.6%) etc.