ABSTRACT
Background: Coronavirus disease is an infectious disease caused by newly discovered coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which spread rapidly throughout the world. Vaccines will provide a lasting solution by enhancing immunity and containing disease spread. This study was conducted to find out vaccination status among Covid-19 positive patients and correlate severity of infections with vaccination status. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out among 1218 Covid-19 positive patients that were positive after the launch of Covid-19 vaccine, selected by purposive sampling method. Data was collected using pretested semi structured proforma. Results: Covid-19 vaccination coverage was very low (10.03%) in Covid-19 positive patients, for single dose it was 8.38% and for two doses it was 1.65%. Asymptomatic and mild cases were more in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated, it was statistically significant. Though hospitalization in vaccinated was less it was not significant. There was no death among vaccinated cases. Conclusion: Vaccination coverage were very low, this needs to improve. Vaccine was significantly reduces the severity of infection. It is recommended to vaccinate all eligible population as early as possible which will help in reducing severe and hospitalized cases and ultimately reducing the impact of Covid-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Enteric fever is a public health problem in developing countries including Nepal. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Salmonella sp causing enteric fever is changing over time and also differs according to geographical location. Periodic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp is mandatory for management of enteric fever rationally. The objective of this study was to analyze the resistance pattern of Salmonella sp to commonly used antimicrobials. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study undertaken reviewing the records of blood isolates of Salmonella sp over one year period at Kanti Children’s Hospital, Nepal. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done following Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion technique using Muller Hinton agar. Results: Salmonella typhi was found to be 100% resistance to ampicillin and resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was also high. The resistance to chloramphenicol and ofloxacin was low. No resistance was found to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and amikacin. However, among the sensitive isolates of Salmonella typhi intermediate sensitivity to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime was reported to be high. Among the isolates of S paratyphi A, the resistance to nalidixic acid was 100% followed by 75% to ciprofloxacin. No resistance was found to chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, cefixime, amikacin and low resistance to amoxicillin and ofloxacin. Among the sensitive isolates of S paratyphi A, majority of them were only moderately sensitive to cefotaxime and ceftazidime and about 1/3 of the organisms had only intermediate sensitivity to ceftriaxone. Conclusiion: Commonly used parenteral third generation cephalosporins, first line drugs like chloramphenicol and amoxicillin and ofloxacin among fluoroquinolones were found to be effective in vitro in treating enteric fever. However, Salmonella typhi was found to be highly resistant to the most frequently used drugs like ciprofloxacin and cefixime and Salmonella paratyphi A to ciprofloxacin. A comparative chart of antimicrobial sensitivity of enteric fever in children over 10 year period from different hospitals of Kathmandu valley is also presented in the study.