ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of the current study was to compare the phytochemical composition and to evaluate the antibacterial properties of Cissus qudrangularis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Trigonella foenum-graecum against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Bacillus circulans. Methods: Qualitative analysis and quantitative estimation of various phytochemical components were done using standard protocols. Antibacterial activity against gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Bacillus circulans was evaluated using standard protocol of agar well diffusion and disc diffusion assay. The zone of inhibition was calculated. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins and tannins in all three plant extracts. In quantitative estimation, Cinnamomum zeylanicum showed high alkaloid content (22%), Cissus qudrangularis showed high saponin content (6%) Trigonella foenum-graecum showed a high concentration (4.65 mg/g) of tannin. All the three plants showed moderate antimicrobial activity. The water extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum showed the highest zone of inhibition (13 mm) against Escherichia coli and the water extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum showed the highest zone of inhibition (11 mm) against Bacillus circulans. Conclusion: The result of this study supports the use of all the selected three medicinal plants as a source of antibacterial substance for the possible treatment of human pathogenic organisms. These plants can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic phytochemicals and further pharmacological evaluation.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Computational studies on fish brain acetylcholinesterase were conducted, expanding our views and for a deeper understanding of the activity of the fish acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Methods: Physico-chemical properties of the fish acetylcholinesterase enzyme were studied. Homology model of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme was predicted, validated its quality and active sites were predicted. The amino acid frequency in the active sites was also compared. Similarly, the secondary structure of the sequences was predicted and compared. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by the neighbour joining tree method. Results: Among the selected fish species stability of acetylcholinesterase was found in fish species namely Esox lucius. The negative GRAVY score value of enzyme in all the fish species ensured better interaction and activity in the aqueous phase. It was found that the molecular weight of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme ranged between 9113 and 15991 Da. Iso-electric (pI) of acetylcholinesterase was found to be acidic in nature. GOR IV was used to predict the secondary structure of acetylcholinesterase, which showed that random coil was dominated. Neighbor joining tree of the enzyme showed that fish species named Amphiprion ocellaris as the most divergent species, while the species Oreochromis niloticus is the most primitive one. Conclusion: Acetlycholinesterase enzyme of Esox lucius was found to be the best compared to the other species, which possess a high number of active sites with Ile, Set and Glu rich active sites.