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1.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 40(3): 184-195, dic. 2021. tab, graf, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388104

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Actualmente, hay nuevas herramientas de software disponibles para medir la sincronía de la contracción intraventricular izquierda mediante SPECT de perfusión miocárdica. Esta técnica permite identificar anomalías de la conducción, apoyar la terapia de resincronización en insuficiencia cardíaca refractaria e incluso la detección precoz de isquemia. OBJETIVO: Conocer la correlación de la sincronía de contracción con otros parámetros de disfunción sisto-diastólica ventricular izquierda. MÉTODO: Estudiamos 135 pacientes remitidos para pesquisa o evaluación de enfermedad coronaria conocida mediante SPECT gatillado. La evaluación de la interpretación inicial con programas QPS/QGS® visual y cuantitativo se efectuó a 50 casos con defectos de perfusión transitoria de diversos tamaños (isquemia), 25 de tipo fijo o mixto (infarto) y 60 sin ellos (normal). Los volúmenes telesistólicos oscilaron entre 26 y 458 mL. Se excluyeron casos con arritmias, anomalías de conducción y artefactos (actividad o movimiento extracardiaco). Los SPECT se procesaron retrospectivamente utilizando el programa Emory Synctool®. Del histograma de sincronía de la contracción, el ancho de banda (BW) y la desviación estándar (SD) se correlacionaron con la fracción de eyección (FEVI), volúmenes y excentricidades sistólico / diastólico, masa ventricular izquierda, tasa máxima de llenado (PFR) y tiempo al máximo de llenado (TPFR). RESULTADOS: Los BW y SD del histograma de fase de contracción fueron mayores en el grupo con defectos fijos y mixtos en comparación con los con perfusión normal. Las correlaciones en reposo y post estrés (Spearman) entre SD y BW con FEVI, volúmenes, excentricidad y masa fueron significativas (p <0,0002) salvo TPFR que no fue significativa. CONCLUSIÓN: La sincronía de contracción intraventricular sistólica izquierda medida con SPECT se correlaciona excelentemente con los parámetros funcionales sistólicos y diastólicos, así como con masa y excentricidad en diversas condiciones y tamaños cardíacos.


INTRODUCTION: New software tools are available to measure left intraventricular contraction synchrony by myocardial perfusion SPECT. This technique allows identification of conduction abnormalities, support resynchronization therapy in refractory heart failure and even allows early detection of myocardial ischemia. OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation of systolic synchrony with other parameters of left ventricular systolic-diastolic dysfunction. METHODS: We studied 135 patients referred for screening or known coronary artery disease evaluation by triggered SPECT. Evaluation of the initial interpretation with visual and quantitative QPS/QGS® programs was performed in 50 patients with transient perfusion defects of various sizes (ischemia), 25 of fixed or mixed type (infarction) and 60 without abnormalities. Telesystolic volumes ranged from 26 to 458 mL. Cases with arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities and artifacts (extracardiac activity or motion) were excluded. SPECT scans were retrospectively processed using the Emory Synctool® software. Histograms of systolic contraction synchrony bandwidth (BW) and standard deviation (SD) were correlated with ejection fraction (LVEF), systolic/diastolic volumes and eccentricities, left ventricular mass, peak filling rate (PFR) and time to maximum filling (TPFR). RESULTS: BW and SD of the contraction pase histogram were higher in the fixed and mixed defect group compared to studies showing normal perfusion. Spearman correlations at rest and poststress between SD and BW with LVEF, volumes, eccentricity and mass were all significant (p<0.0002) except for TPFR. CONCLUSION: Left systolic intraventricular contraction synchrony measured with SPECT presents an excellent correlation with systolic and diastolic functional parameters, as well as with mass and eccentricity in various cardiac conditions and ventricular dimensions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods , Myocardial Perfusion Imaging , Heart Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Heart Ventricles/diagnostic imaging , Software , Gated Blood-Pool Imaging , Retrospective Studies , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
2.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(2): 255-262, feb. 2021. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389435

ABSTRACT

Even though the mechanisms that mediate essential hypertension (HT) are not fully understood, an immunological-inflammatory mechanism could be the common pathway for diverse pathophysiological mechanisms. We analyze in a simplified way the participation of the immune system in HT. T lymphocytes (TL) and antigen presenting cells (APCs) are components of the immune system capable of generating proinflammatory cytokines. They cause endothelial damage, vasoconstriction, and decreased urinary sodium excretion. CD4+ and CD8+ TL are effector cells, causally implicated in the development of HT, whereas type γδ TL play their pathogenic role in HT enhancing endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, a immunomodulation decrease by regulatory TL, worsens endothelial dysfunction and reduces vasodilation in experimental HT. Results of recent studies indicate that lymphocyte activation would be mediated by antigens captured by antigen APCs for subsequent presentation to "naive" TL. On the other hand, proinflammatory states such as obesity, the change of the intestinal microbiota and the increase in salt intake favors TL and APC activation, contributing to HT development.


Subject(s)
Humans , Lymphocyte Activation , Hypertension , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Inflammation
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 146(8): 831-839, ago. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-978765

ABSTRACT

Background: Dipyridamole (DIP) is the most commonly employed pharmacological stressor for myocardial perfusion tomography (SPECT) in patients unable to reach an adequate work load. Aim: To assess the predictive capacity of DIP SPECT on survival. Material and Methods: We included 985 adults aged 66 ±11 years (45% women) with rest and DIP-SPECT. The main indications for the procedure were coronary artery disease (CAD) screening in 66% and known CAD in 33%. Participants were followed up for a median of 65 months (interquartile range 54 to 86 months). During the follow up, 261 deaths were recorded and 98% had a specified cause in their death certificate. Results: Myocardial SPECT was abnormal in 44% of participants. Transient ischemic defects were observed in 34%, fixed defects concordant with infarction in 27% and post-stress systolic dysfunction in 23%. Twenty five percent of deaths were attributable to cardiac or ischemic cause and 22% to cancer. In a bivariate analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) of death of any cause was lower in females and higher in the presence of CAD. The multivariate analysis showed that being older than 46 years increased the HR of death of any cause. In a bivariate analysis, the HR for cardiac death was higher when the myocardial SPECT showed ischemia, necrosis or left ventricular dilation. In the multivariate analysis, post-stress left ventricular systolic function was associated with a lower risk of cardiac death. Conclusions: An abnormal myocardial SPECT, perfusion abnormalities, left ventricular systolic function or dilation are independent predictors of cardiac death in these participants.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Vasodilator Agents , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods , Dipyridamole , Myocardial Perfusion Imaging/methods , Heart Diseases/mortality , Heart Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Prognosis , Predictive Value of Tests , Risk Factors
6.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 36(3): 264-274, dic. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-899595

ABSTRACT

Abstracts: 24 hour blood pressure monitoring. Recommendations from the Chilean Society of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. The recommendations for blood pressure monitoring from the Chilean Society of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on indications for the procedure, according to different classes and causes of hypertension. Implications of different types of hypertension for prognosis and indications for adequate therapy are discussed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory/standards , Hypertension/diagnosis
7.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 143(11): 1426-1434, nov. 2015. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-771732

ABSTRACT

Background: The evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD) can be performed with stress test and myocardial SPECT tomography. Aim: To assess the predictive value of myocardial SPECT using stress test for cardiovascular events in patients with good exercise capacity. Material and Methods: We included 102 males aged 56 ± 10 years and 19 females aged 52 ± 10 years, all able to achieve 10 METs and ≥ 85% of the theoretical maximum heart rate and at least 8 min in their stress test with gated 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT. Eighty two percent of patients were followed clinically for 33 ± 17 months. Results: Sixty seven percent of patients were studied for CAD screening and the rest for known disease assessment. Treadmill stress test was negative in 75.4%; 37% of patients with moderate to severe Duke Score presented ischemia. Normal myocardial perfusion SPECT was observed in 70.2%. Reversible defects appeared in 24.8% of cases, which were of moderate or severe degree (> 10% left ventricular extension) in 56.6%. Only seven cases had coronary events after the SPECT. Two major (myocardial infarction and emergency coronary revascularization) and 5 minor events (elective revascularization) ere observed in the follow-up. In a multivariate analysis, SPECT ischemia was the only statistically significant parameter that increased the probability of having a major or minor event. Conclusions: Nearly a quarter of our patients with good exercise capacity demonstrated reversible defects in their myocardial perfusion SPECT. In the intermediate-term follow-up, a low rate of cardiac events was observed, being the isotopic ischemia the only significant predictive parameter.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Coronary Artery Disease , Exercise Test/methods , Exercise Tolerance , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Coronary Artery Disease/mortality , Follow-Up Studies , Metabolic Equivalent/physiology , Myocardial Ischemia/mortality , Myocardial Ischemia , Predictive Value of Tests , Prognosis , Survival Analysis
8.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 32(1): 51-54, 2013. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-678042

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Las troponinas corresponden a proteínas estructurales del miocardiocito, su presencia en plasma se utiliza como marcador de injuria miocárdica. El test troponinas en plasma se utiliza actualmente para detectar daño miocárdico en pacientes en quienes se sospecha un infarto agudo al miocardio; para este propósito se toma como referencia valores de referencia validados en poblaciones de Inglaterra o Estados Unidos. Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio obtener valores de referencia para nuestra población local. Métodos y resultados: Se efectuó una determinación de troponina I en 500 sujetos sanos, se obtuvo el valor promedio de troponina I para esta población y el valor percentil 99 para esta población que se considera internacionalmente como el valor de referencia para determinar el límite normal, el valor P99 resultó significativamente menor en mujeres respecto a hombres. Conclusión: En conclusión, se han obtenido valores de referencia para aplicar el test de troponina I en nuestro medio local.


Background: Troponins are myocardiocyte proteins; their plasma level is used as a marker for myocardial injury. In the diagnosis of myocardial infarction values currently used as cut points are those validated elsewhere (USA, UK). Aim: In this study we aimed to determine normal limits of Troponin I in a sample of Chilean subjects. Methods and results: 500 healthy subjects had their troponin I levels measured, computing the mean and 99 percentile (p99) values. Both parameters were significantly lower in females compared to males (mean ± SD 0.089 +/- 0.047 vs 0.102 +/- 0.063, p<0.01; p99 0.02 vs 0.03, respectively). Conclusion: These troponin I values may be used to assess the likelihood of myocardial infarction in Chilean subjects.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis , Troponin I , Chile , Reference Values
9.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 32(3): 187-195, 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-705221

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: El rendimiento del estudio de perfusión miocárdica en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus (DM) y sin síntomas coronarios es controvertido. Objetivo: Efectuar un seguimiento a 5 años para eventos cardíacos mayores en DM asintomáticos estudiados con SPECT miocárdico en esfuerzo. Método: Se estudiaron 40 pacientes asintomáticos coronarios, con DM conocida por >5 años, >45 años de edad, con >2 factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) y electrocardiograma basal normal o con alteraciones inespecíficas. Todos efectuaron una prueba de esfuerzo (PE) adecuada y se estudiaron con Sestamibi-Tc99m repetido en 32 casos al 3° año. Además, se evaluó a 36 controles no diabéticos con >2 FRCV. El seguimiento fue de 64+/-11 meses. Resultados: En el grupo DM, 48 por ciento tenía Hba1c>7.5 por ciento; en ellos el SPECT mostró isquemia silente (IS) en 30 por ciento y la PE en 18 por ciento del total. No hubo variaciones significativas en SPECT al 3° año. Hubo una muerte no cardíaca en el 2° año; en el 4° año, se produjo una muerte por infarto agudo de miocardio, con mínima isquemia septal y otra asociada a miocardiopatía e insuficiencia cardíaca, con defecto de predominio fijo, ambos con PE negativa. En el grupo control, el 11 por ciento tuvo SPECT anormal y 8 por ciento PE positiva; hubo una muerte no cardíaca. El Odds Ratio para isquemia fue 3.42 [IC=0.99-11.85] entre DM vs controles y el Hazard Ratio para eventos cardíacos 6.75 [IC=0.40-108.2]. Conclusiones: En DM asintomáticos coronarios el riesgo de IS en SPECT fue mayor que en controles sin DM y con FRCV. Los eventos cardiacos mayores fueron más frecuentes, aunque no significativamente, en DM que en controles. Ello deberá reevaluarse conocidos los resultados del estudio multicéntrico.


The clinical value of myocardial perfusion studies in cardiac asymptomatic patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is controversial. Aim: To conduct a 5 year follow-up study to detect major adverse cardiac events in asymptomatic DM patients using exercise stress and SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. Methods: 40 patients with known DM for at least 5 years and without evidence of coronary artery disease, older than 45 years of age with >2 cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and either normal or minimally altered ECG underwent adequate exercise testing (ET) and 99mTc Sestamibi, repeated 3 years later in 32 cases. We also assessed 36 non-diabetic control patients, with >2 CVRF. Mean follow up was 64+/-11 months. Results: 48 percent of DM patients had HbA1c >7.5 percent; in them, the SPECT showed silent ischemia (SI) in 30 percent and positive ET in 18 percent. There were no significant variations in SPECT at 3 years. There was 1 non-cardiac death in the 2nd year and 2 deaths, one from acute myocardial infarction associated to minimal septal ischemia and another associated with cardiomyopathy and heart failure, with a fixed perfusion defect. Both patients had a negative ET. In the control group, 11 percent had abnormal SPECT and 8 percent positive ET and no cardiac deaths were observed. The Odds ratio for ischemia between DM and controls was 3.42 [CI=0.99-11.85 ] and the Hazard Ratio for cardiac events was 6.746 [CI=0.4205-108.2]. Conclusions: In asymptomatic coronary DM patients, the presence of SPECT ischemia detect was higher than in non-DM controls with CVRF. The incidence of major cardiac events was higher, although not significantly, in DM than control patients. This finding should be re-evaluated in the multicenter study.


Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology , Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology , Myocardial Perfusion Imaging , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Follow-Up Studies
10.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 140(4): 507-511, abr. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-643222

ABSTRACT

Background: Cocaine abuse is associated with an increased risk of cardiac and cerebrovascular events, such as myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and ischemic stroke. The underlying mechanisms leading to these complications are not fully understood although intravascular thrombus formation and accelerated atherosclerosis are prominent findings. We report a 39-year-old male addicted to cocaine, who presented with three consecutive ischemic events characterized by an acute myocardial infarction and two ischemic strokes complicated by cardiac failure and severe neurological sequelae. The pathophysiology of cocaine-induce vascular damage and the management of the ischemic complications are discussed.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Cocaine-Related Disorders/complications , Myocardial Infarction/etiology , Brain Ischemia/diagnosis , Brain Ischemia/etiology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis , Risk Factors , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
11.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 31(2): 148-151, 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-653799

ABSTRACT

Summary: Cerebrovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in Chile. Its main manifestation, CVA, is most frequent in elderly subjects. Approximately 70 percent of CVA recognize an ischemic origin, the rest corresponds to intracerebral bleeding episodes. In several studies the prior use of statins has been proven to reduce the incidence of CVA as well as improving their prognosis, in spite of a lack of significant correlation with statin's effects on serum cholesterol. Statin effects have been related to their pleiotropic properties, to reductions in Protein C levels and to activation of endothelial stem cells. American Stroke Association Guidelines (2011) recommend statins for CVA in subjects with high cardiovascular risk. Triglycerides have not been clearly shown to be a risk factor for CVA and no other lipid lowering agents are recommended in this setting.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Stroke/prevention & control , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
12.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 30(2): 132-139, 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-608737

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El índice de excentricidad (IE) obtenido con SPECT miocárdico permite evaluación de esfericidad ventricular izquierda en remodelación patológica. Objetivo: conocer IE en adultos con diversas condiciones cardíacas. Método: Grupo I: Controles (n=44) con >2 factores de riesgo cardiovascular exceptuando Diabetes Mellitus (DM); Grupo II: DM 2 (n=41). Ambos grupos asintomáticos sin enfermedad coronaria conocida. Grupo III: Con alteración de motilidad segmentaria y/o infarto de miocardio (n=64). Grupo IV: Dilatados (n=21) con alteraciones de motilidad difusa o miocardiopatías. Se utilizó Sestamibi-Tc99m y procesamiento QGS. (IE esfera valor


Background: The Eccentricity Index (EI) obtained with myocardial SPECT allows adequate assessment of left ventricular shape in pathological myocardial remodeling. Aim: To compare EIs in adults with different cardiac conditions. Methods: 170 patients were studied. Group I (n=44) were control subjects with >2 cardiovascular risk factors not including Diabetes Mellitus (DM); Group II (n=41) had type II DM. Patients in both groups were asymptomatic without known coronary artery disease or wall motion abnormalities. Group III (n=64) had seg-mental wall motion abnormality and/or myocardial infarction; Group IV (n=21) included patients with dilated ventricles and diffuse abnormal wall motion. We used gated 99mTc Sestamibi SPECT and QGS processing (EI sphere


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Heart Ventricles
13.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 24(2): 114-121, abr.-jun. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-423523

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: La angiografía coronaria es el estándar de oro para diagnosticar enfermedad coronaria. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar los resultados del SPECT con Talio 201 (²°¹ TI) con diversos valores de estenosis coronaria a la angiografía. Métodos: Se tabularon resultados de 145 pacientes. A todos ellos se les realizó un electrocardiograma (ECG) de esfuerzo, SPECT de perfusión miocárdica y angiografía coronaria. Para hacer la valorización se utilizaron 2 criterios angiográficos para estenosis coronaria: a) >50 por ciento y b) 75 por ciento, los que se aplicaron a los pacientes y vasos coronarios. Resultados: en la evaluación por pacientes la sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E) y exactitud (Ex) fue 87 por ciento, 57 por ciento y 81 por ciento, respectivamente, con criterio de estenosis de > 50 por ciento y de 93 por ciento, 51 por ciento y 79 por ciento usando criterio de > 75 por ciento, (NS). Al analizar los vasos individualmente la S, E y EX fue de 59 por ciento, 78 por ciento y 68 por ciento para criterio > 50 por ciento y de 70 por ciento, 75 por ciento y 74 por ciento para criterio > 75 por ciento (p<0.029 para S). Como era esperado a mayor severidad de estenosis, mayor incidencia de detección. Hubo 19 pacientes que presentaron estenosis entre 50 y 74 por ciento. De ellos 21 por ciento presentó ECG de estrés anormal y 58 por ciento SPECT de perfusión miocárdica anormal. Conclusión: Los resultados con el estudio de perfusión miocárdica con ²°¹TI avalan el uso de valor de 50 por ciento o más de estenosis angiográfica en el diagnóstico y evaluación de la enfermedad coronaria. En conjunto con la angiografía coronaria. El SPECT miocárdico ofrece una excelente estrategia para el manejo de los pacientes.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Middle Aged , Coronary Angiography/methods , Coronary Stenosis , Thallium Radioisotopes , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Dipyridamole , Exercise Test , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Coronary Vessels , Coronary Vessels/injuries
14.
Rev. med. nucl. Alasbimn j ; 7(26)oct. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-444058

ABSTRACT

Los estudios isotópicos cardíacos en niños tienen distinto enfoque que en adultos, en quienes la pesquisa y el seguimiento de la enfermedad coronaria (EC) juegan un papel importante y bien reconocido. En general, las causales de solicitud corresponden principalmente a patología de tipo congénito o inflamatorio. La enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) (vasculitis) que produce alteraciones coronarias severas puede ser fácilmente evaluada no invasivamente con los marcadores de perfusión. En esta presentación se discuten las principales causas de requerimiento de estudios de perfusión y viabilidad miocárdica en pediatría y se presenta la experiencia en este campo del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, con 18 exámenes SPECT en 13 niños entre 9 meses y 14 años, durante los últimos 6 años.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Coronary Circulation , Cardiovascular Diseases , Radiopharmaceuticals , Dipyridamole , Myocardial Ischemia , Clinical Protocols , Exercise Test/methods , Radiopharmaceuticals/administration & dosage , Radioisotopes , Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
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