ABSTRACT
Background. Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of under-5 death in South Africa and accounts for a substantial burden of paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admissions. However, little is known about PICU outcomes in HIV-exposed uninfected (HIV-EU) children with pneumonia, despite the growing size of this vulnerable population. Objectives. To determine whether HIV exposure without infection is an independent risk factor for mortality and morbidity in children admitted to PICU with pneumonia. Methods. This retrospective review included all patients with pneumonia admitted to the PICU at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2014. Patients were classified as HIV-unexposed (HIV-U), HIV-EU and HIV-infected. Medical records were reviewed to determine survival to PICU discharge, duration of PICU admission and duration of mechanical ventilation. Survival analysis was used to determine the association between HIV infection/exposure with mortality, and linear regression was used to examine the association with length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation. This study included 107 patients: 54 were HIV-U; 28 were HIV-EU; 23 HIV-positive; and 2 had an unknown HIV status. Results. Overall, 84% (n=90) survived to PICU discharge, with no difference in survival based on HIV infection or exposure. Both HIV-EU and HIV-U children had significantly shorter PICU admissions and fewer days of mechanical ventilation compared with HIV-infected children (p=0.011 and p=0.004, respectively). Conclusion. HIV-EU children behaved similarly to HIV-U children in terms of mortality, duration of PICU admission and length of mechanical ventilation. HIV infection was associated with prolonged length of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay but not increased mortality.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pneumonia , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , HIV Infections , Risk Factors , Intensive Care Units , MortalityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a government funded asthma medication programme on paediatric (age # 12 years) asthma hospital admissions in Antigua and Barbuda. METHODS: A retrospective review of all hospital admissions for asthma in children was performed for the six years before and six years after a Medical Benefits Scheme (MBS) programme was established in 1997 to provide asthma medications at no out-of-pocket cost. Holberton Hospital records (1992 to 2003) which include all paediatric asthma admissions in Antigua and Barbuda, were reviewed. RESULTS: Paediatric admissions for asthma fell from mean ± standard deviation of 77.0 ± 24.8 per year before the MBS programme was started to 48.0 ± 17.1 per year (p < 0.05) after the MBS programme was started. The number of multiple admissions fell from 18.7 ± 2.7 to 9.5 ± 4.8 (p < 0.005) and the number of children admitted multiple times per year fell from 7.8 ± 1.9 to 4.7 ± 2.5 (p < 0.05). The number of children aged four to nine years admitted with asthma fell from 7.8 per 1000 annually during 1992 to 1997 to 4.4 per 1000 per year during 1998 to 2003. CONCLUSIONS: The government funded MBS programme for asthma medication has resulted in a 38% decrease in hospital admissions for paediatric asthma over a six-year period. The benefits of a similar programme in other developing countries should be considered.
OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de un programa de medicación subvencionado por el Gobierno, sobre los ingresos por asma al hospital pediátrico (edad # 12 años) en Antigua y Barbuda. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un examen retrospectivo de todos los casos de niños ingresados al hospital por asma, durante los seis años previos y los seis años posteriores a la puesta en marcha del programa de beneficios médicos, conocido como Medical Benefits Scheme (MBS). Dicho programa fue establecido en 1997 con el propósito de ofrecer medicamentos para asmáticos, sin costo alguno. Se examinaron las historias clínicas del Hospital Holberston, de 1992 al 2003, las cuales incluían todos los ingresos pediátricos por asma en Antigua. RESULTADOS: Los ingresos pediátricos por asma descendieron de un promedio ± desviación estándar de 77.0 ± 24.8 por año antes de que comenzara el programa MBS, 48.0 ± 17.1 por año (p < 0.05) después del comienzo del programa MBS. El número de ingresos múltiples descendió de 18.7 ± 2.7 a 9.5 ± 4.8 (p < 0.005) y el número de niños ingresados múltiples veces por año disminuyó de 7.8 ± 1.9 a 4.7 ± 2.5 (p < 0.05). El número de niños de cuatro a nueve años de edad, ingresados por asma, descendió de 7.8 por 1000 anualmente de 1992 a 1997 hasta 4.4 por 1000 por año, de 1998 a 2003. CONCLUSIONES: El programa MBS para la medicación por asma, subvencionado por el gobierno, ha tenido por resultado una disminución del 38% de los ingresos hospitalarios infantiles a causa de asma por un período de seis años. Debe tomarse en consideración los beneficios de posibles programas similares en otros países en vías de desarrollo.