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Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a technique of the basic life support, which helps to maintain blood circulation in the victim's brain and heart during cardiac arrest or during the absence of pulse and breath. Adults are more active and long-time information delivers, but non-medical people are not having the knowledge regarding emergencies managements, hence this study was conducted to assess the knowledge and check the effectiveness of STP regarding CPR among Undergraduate students.Methods: Quantitative approach with Quasi-Experimental research design was used in the present study with Simple random sampling technique to select 61 undergraduate students at Himalayan School Of Management, Jollygrant, Dehradun. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to collect the data and followed by administrating the structured teaching programme (STP).Results: Findings of the present study showed that the mean post test score (25.80±3.0) was higher than pre-test mean score (13.18±3.3). Arbitrary score reviled that, in pre-test majority of the (undergraduate) UG students had (60.65%) Average knowledge, most of the UG students had (36.06%) poor knowledge, only (3.27%) had the good level of knowledge. Where in post-test, maximum students had very good knowledge (62.92%), most UG students had 36.06% good knowledge and only 1.63% had average knowledge which showed that the knowledge had increased after administration of (STP), Calculated t value was 19.327 and found highly significant at p<0.001.Conclusions: The findings of the study revealed that STP was an effective method to enhance the knowledge of undergraduate students regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation. So the study concluded that structured teaching program had a great potential for improving the knowledge of undergraduate students.
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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the conjunctiva usually arises from the limbal conjunctiva. Rarely, it can arise from the palpebral conjunctiva. We report a case of primary conjunctival SCC of the palpebral conjunctiva which was treated successfully.
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@#Introduction: This study provides a description of development of various components of the human ureter at different gestational ages. Methods:Measurements of the length of the ureter from pelvi-ureteric junction to vesico-ureteric junction, length of its intravesicular portion and angle made by the ureter at the entry into the bladder with respect to the internal ureteric orifice were taken. Transverse sections of the ureter were taken at the upper end, close to the pelvi-ureteric junction, and at the midpoint between the pelvis of the kidney and the vesico-ureteric junction. These were subjected for processing and stained with Haematoxylin Eosin and Masson’s Trichrome. They were then studied under the light microscope. Results: The length of the ureter from the pelvi-ureteric junction to the vesico-ureteric junction showed a highly positive correlation with the gestational age (GA). The angle of entry of the ureter to the bladder decreased as the GA increased. The microstructure of the ureter in both the sections showed development of transitional epithelium with an increase in layers by 33 weeks. At 18 weeks, the smooth muscle layer was in a single layer with an abundance of interspersed collagen fibers. By 33 weeks, the thickness of the wall increased significantly with a decrease in collagen. There was no trace of longitudinal muscle fibers even upto 33 weeks. Conclusion: Epithelial, muscular and connective tissue components displayed significant changes during intra uterine development.
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Background: Endometrial carcinoma is a common neoplasm associated with the female genital tract with considerable morbidity.Eendometrial hyperplasias have been widely regarded as precursor lesions. It is of importance to the pathologist to identify the subset of hyperplasias or the associated factor which could be a possible forerunner of malignancy. Phospho tensin gene (PTEN) has gained importance as one of the factors responsible. Aim: To determine the variability in PTEN expression patterns in different types of endometrial hyperplasias. Settings and Design: The study was undertaken on samples received at the Department of Pathology from 2005 to 2007. Materials and Methods: One hundred samples with 76 showing hyperplasias of different types formed the core "study group" with simple hyperplasia without atypia predominating. The rest belonged to the control groups. PTEN intensity and percentage positivity, variability in patterns of glandular and stromal expression, the number and type of PTEN null glands in different types of hyperplasia were evaluated. Statistical analyses used were Fisher's exact test based on Monte Carlo test and chi-square test. Results: Complex hyperplasia was associated with a reduction in number of strongly PTEN positive glands, with an increase in null glands, seen in clusters. Co-existing atypia was associated with the weakest staining and in fewer glands. Conclusions: PTEN expression in endometrial hyperplasias can be used as an early warning of heightened cancer risk and a potential target for preventive treatment. However, extensive research is needed along this line to conclusively establish its effectiveness.