ABSTRACT
Introduction: Evaluation of height from multiple long bones is done by several researchers with variable degreeof success. Limited literature exists on establishing the correlation between foot length (FL) and height (Ht). Thepresent study was implemented to find out percentage ratio of FL to Ht and to assess the relationship betweenfoot length and height through regression analysis method.Materials and Methods: An observational anthropometric study was done on healthy 500 male and femalestudents with age bracket of 18 to 23 years. Foot length and height measurements were done by appropriateinstruments and same expert to avoid observer bias. SPSS (Version 12) software was used for data analysis andcorrelation coefficients. Multiple regression correlation analysis methods were used to evaluate statisticaldifferences.Results: The mean FL was significantly higher in all age groups of males than that of females (p < 0.001). Thecorrelation coefficient ‘r’ was statistically significant for majority of age groups (p < 0.01). There was positivecorrelation between foot length and height and in the study reliable regressive equation was derived.Conclusions: The study reported statistically significant correlation between foot length and height of individuals.The regression equation derived in the study can be utilized effectively for estimation of height in a diversepopulation group and it would be very useful for personal identification in forensic medicine field andanthropology.
ABSTRACT
Background: The anatomical variations of left coronary artery [LCA] determine the course in the pathogenesis ofatherosclerosis, mechanical stress and hemodynamic change.Aim: To study the gross anatomy of left coronary artery [LCA] in terms of its origin, termination, branchingpattern, dominance pattern, external diameter at origin, length of main trunk of left coronary artery, variationsand/ anomalies if present.Materials and Methods: After an ethical approval, 150 adult human cadaveric hearts were collected fromDepartment of Anatomy, B.V.D.U. Medical College and Hospital, Sangli and Pune. The careful dissection wascarried out to note details about left coronary artery and data was analyzed using SPSS software.Results: The origin of left coronary artery was observed in the left posterior aortic sinus 100%. The incidence ofbifurcation, trifurcation and quadrifurcation was 69.33, 28% and 2.67% respectively. SA nodal artery was directlyarising from main trunk of left coronary artery in 2 hearts (1.33%). Circumflex branch of left coronary artery gaveSA nodal artery, AV nodal artery and posterior interventricular artery in 18.66%, 16% and 16% hearts respectively.In one case (0.66%), we found a hyperdominant left anterior descending artery which continued as posteriorinterventricular artery [PDA] occupying entire posterior interventricular sulcus and terminated at crux of theheart by giving AV nodal artery. Hence left dominance was observed in total 16.66% cases. The mean externaldiameter of left coronary artery at its origin was 5.02 ±1.0328. Length of main trunk of left coronary artery wasranging from 4 mm to 22 mm with mean length of 11.66±3.529 mm.Conclusion: Short or long main trunk of left coronary artery, small diameter of main trunk, additional terminalbranches of left coronary artery, left coronary artery dominance, Mouchet’s posterior recurrent interventricularartery, hyperdominanant left anterior descending artery are the significant anatomical factors which decide theextent of coronary insufficiency, its functional impact and may create challenges during the interventionalcoronary care.
ABSTRACT
Background & Objectives:To study the most precise location, shape and direction of infraorbital foramen in dry human skulls, in relation to Infraorbital Margin, Piriform Aperture(PA) and Upper Alveolar Margin(AM). Method: A total of one hundred dry human skulls of unknown gender were measured using digital calliper with Infraorbital Margin, Piriform Margin and Alveolar Margin as reference points. The location, shape, size, direction and number of accessory foramina were observed. Results: The mean distance between the Infraorbital Margin(IOM) and Infraorbital foramen(IOF) was 7.82mm. There was a statically significant difference on right and left sides. The mean distance between the IOF and the piriform aperture(PA) was 16.01mm. The overall vertical diameter of the IOF was 3.23±0.98mm (right) and 3.25±1.03mm (left ). The overall horizontal diameter of IOF was 3±0.76mm(right) and 3.28±0.99mm ( left).The majority of IOF were directed inferiomedially on both the right (51%) and left (50%) side. There was a superiomedially directed IOF in 1% of skulls, which was not mentioned in the previous literatures. Accessory foramina were found in 20% skulls. Interpretation & Conclusion: Infraorbital foramen is located close to important anatomical structures like orbit, nose, oromaxillary sinuses and upper teeth. The knowledge of anatomical characteristics of the location ,dimension, shapes, directions and number of accessory foramina have clinical implications in the infraorbital nerve block. This information should be kept in mind during local anaesthetic planning for surgeries in the field of Dentistry, ENT, Anaesthesia, Ophthalmology and Surgery.