ABSTRACT
Background@#Approximately, 3.2 millions of children are born with congenital anomalies in worldwide annually which is equal to one case per each 33 live births. As for Mongolia, there are 2.7 congenital anomalies cases for each 1000 live births on average between 2005 and 2007, however, this number is increased up to 5.04 or doubled up for each 1000 live births in 2012 urging us to concern more on this public health issue.@*Objective@#To determine the prevalence and incidence of the congenital anomalies among infants’ with 0-7 days registered in Mongolia. @*Materials and Methods@#This study is conducted through descriptive analyses. Statistical analyses were conducted by using Stata13, MS excel, and ArcGIS software.@*Results@#Total 669,579 women who gave a birth and 2,376 children with congenital anomalies data were used in this study between 2006 and 2016 in Mongolia. In 2006, there were 3.88 cases of congenital anomalies for each 1000 live births and this increased up to 6.44 cases by 2016. Taking into account the incidence of congenital anomalies by the organ systems, abnormality of circulatory systems were 24.5%, cleft lip and palate were 18.1% of the total cases, respectively. By its geographical patterns, the incidence of congenital anomalies were mostly reported in Orkhon, Gobi-Altai, Gobisumber and Tuv provinces while the least cases reported province was Bayan-Ulgii. </br> Mean maternal age who gave a birth children with congenital anomalies was 28±6.3 which was statistically significant different (p=0.001) than maternal age who gave a normal birth. In addition, there was high incidence of congenital anomalies among the maternal age groups of 35-44 and above 45 years old.@*Conclusion@#</br> 1. Between 2006 and 2016, the incidence of congenital anomalies was increased around 1.7 times it is tended to increase steadily. Particularly, cases of congenital anomalies were occurred in cardiovascular, circulatory system, cleft lip and palates, skeletomuscular system, digestive and nervous systems. </br> 2. Orkhon province had the highest incidence of congenital anomalies in our study. There was significant association (12% more than live births with normal weight) between congenital anomalies and child live birth with less than 2500 gr in weights. By gender, congenital anomalies were reported dominantly in boys and it was statistically significant. Case of congenital anomalies increases as the age of mother increases.
ABSTRACT
Acceleration of emissions reductions in household coal stoves and modest improvements in other sectors, however, have the potential to considerably lower outdoor pollution and reduce total exposures to about 70% of those today (Scenario 1). Reducing total exposures closer to these international benchmark levels will require moving away from coal and wood as household fuels and even more control on other sources (Scenario 2). The first package of moderate control measures (Scenario 1) considered in this assessment will result in a slow decline in impacts(Figure) and a cumulative health savings over trends in 2013, but leave annual per capita health impacts only about 25% lower than today after ten years. A more aggressive set of control measures (Scenario 2), however, will result in more health protection over the period and reduce annual impacts by approximately 60% from current levels in 2025 . In terms of impact per capita,this would represent nearly a 70% reduction over the period taking population growth into account.