Study on the application of model transfer technology in the extraction process of Xiao'er Xiaoji Zhike oral liquid / 药学学报

The modernization and development of traditional Chinese medicine has led to higher standards for the quality of traditional Chinese medicine products. The extraction process is a crucial component of traditional Chinese medicine production, and it directly impacts the final quality of the product. However, the currently relied upon methods for quality assurance of the extraction process, such as simple wet chemical analysis, have several limitations, including time consumption and labor intensity, and do not offer precise control of the extraction process. As a result, there is significant value in incorporating near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the production process of traditional Chinese medicine to improve the quality control of the final products. In this study, we focused on the extraction process of Xiao'er Xiaoji Zhike oral liquid (XXZOL), using near-infrared spectra collected by both a Fourier transform near-infrared spectrometer and a portable near-infrared spectrometer. We used the concentration of synephrine, a quality control index component specified by the pharmacopoeia, to achieve rapid and accurate detection in the extraction process. Moreover, we developed a model transfer method to facilitate the transfer of models between the two types of near-infrared spectrometers (analytical grade and portable), thus resolving the low resolution, poor performance, and insufficient prediction accuracy issues of portable instruments. Our findings enable the rapid screening and quality analysis of XXZOL onsite, which is significant for quality monitoring during the traditional Chinese medicine production process.

Study on mechanism of Gualou Xiebai Banxia decoction in treating dynamic atherosclerosis based on network pharmacology and in vitro study / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the molecular mechanism atherosclerosis by network pharmacology and in vitro of Gualou Xiebai Banxia decoction in the treatment of study.Methods All chemical constituents and targets of Gualou Xiehai Banxia decoction were retrieved from TCMSP database.OMIM, DrugBank and TTD databas¬es were searched with "atherosclerosis" as the search term , and the related targets of atherosclerosis were ob¬tained after eliminating duplicate options.DAVID da¬tabase was used for GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of intersection targets.Finally, the analysis results were confirmed in the ox-LDL induced human aortic endothelial cell injury model.Results A total of 30 active compound molecules in Gualou Xiebai Banxia decoction and 78 potential targets for the treat¬ment of atherosclerosis were retrieved.The therapeutic targets were mainly related to inflammatory pathway, apoptosis and so on.(3-sitosterol was chosen as a po¬tential pharmacodynamic molecule for the treatment of atherosclerosis to verify the correctness of the results of network pharmacological analysis.In vitro experiments showed that, (3-sitosterol could prevent ox-LDL in¬duced apoptosis of human aortic endothelial cells and significantly reduce the level of IL-ip, 1L-6 and TNF- cx in cell culture medium, and protein expression of p- NF-kB/NF-kB, 1L-1 p, 1L-6 and TNF-a in cells.Conclusions The treatment effect of Gualou Xiebai Banxia decoction on atherosclerosis is mainly mediated by regulating inflammation, apoptosis and other path¬ways through multi-component effect, multiple targets and multiple pathways.

Value of four-dimensional echocardiography combined with speckle tracking technique on the assessment of right heart function and prognosis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the value of four-dimensional echocardiography combined with speckle tracking technique on the assessment of right heart function and prognosis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).@*Methods@#In this prospective study, 51 patients with PAH diagnosed by right heart catheterization in east hospital and south hospital of Renji hospital affiliated to school of medicine of Shanghai Jiaotong University from September 2015 to July 2017 were enrolled as PAH group from July to November 2017. Meanwhile, 26 healthy volunteers with age and sex matched with pulmonary hypertension patients were recruited as control group. The patients were aged (45.8±15.5) years old in PAH group, and there were 6 males and 45 females. The healthy volunteers were aged (45.4±14.6) years old in control group, and there were 4 males and 22 females. Two-dimensional and four-dimensional echocardiographic images were obtained to measure the structure and function of the right heart. The myocardial strain of each ventricle and atrium was measured by sparkle tracking. The patients in PAH group were followed up from July 2017 to August 2018 to observe the endpoint events including all-cause death, re-hospitalization, and clinical deterioration.@*Results@#There were significant differences in two-dimensional echocardiographic parameters(including tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), right ventricular area change fraction (FAC), and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP)), speckle tracking parameters (including global longitudinal systolic peak strain of left ventricle (LVGLS), global longitudinal systolic peak strain of right ventricle (RVGLS),left atrial reservoir function(LASr), left atrial conduit function (LASc), left atrial pump function (LASp), right atrial reservoir function (RASr), right atrial conduit function (RASc), and right atrial pump function (RASp)), and four-dimensional echocardiographic parameters(including right ventricular end diastolic volume (RVEDV) , right ventricular end systolic volume(RVESV), right ventricular stroke volume(RVSV), right ventricular freewall longitudinal strain(RVLSf), interventricular septum longitudinal strain(IVSLS), right ventricular ejection fraction(RVEF)) between control group and PAH group (all P<0.01 or 0.05).Spearman correlation analysis showed that RVEF was correlated with 6-minute walking distance (r=0.540, P<0.001), B-type natriuretic peptide (r=-0.545,P<0.001), New York Heart Association (NYHA) cardiac function classification(r=-0.583, P<0.001), TAPSE(r=0.595, P<0.001), LVGLS (r=-0.461, P=0.001) ,LASc (r=0.453, P=0.002) ,RASc (r=0.532, P<0.001) ,RVESV (r=-0.418, P=0.004) , RVSV (r=0.351, P=0.017) , and IVSLS (r=-0.450, P=0.002) . Pearson correlation analysis also showed that RVEF was correlated with FAC(r=0.579, P<0.001),RVSP (r=-0.442, P=0.002) ,RVGLS (r=-0.521, P<0.001) , LASr (r=0.483, P=0.001) , RASr (r=0.617, P<0.001) , RASp (r=0.513, P<0.001) , and RVLSf (r=-0.592, P<0.001) .After a follow-up of (10.4±2.7) months, there were 4 all-cause deaths, 5 re-hospitalizations and 5 clinical deterioration. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that increased RVEF was independent protective factor for end-point events in PAH patients (HR=0.702, P=0.043), and increased RVSP was independent risk factor for end-point events in PAH patients (HR=1.083, P=0.017). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that RVEF and RVSP could be used to predict the end-point events in PAH patients. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.835(P=0.001) and 0.820(P=0.001), respectively.@*Conclusions@#RVEF measured by four-dimensional echocardiography is correlated with right ventricular function parameters measured by two-dimensional echocardiography and can be used to estimate the prognosis of PAH patients. The right atrial and left atrial function assessed by speckle tracking can also reflect the right ventricular function to a certain extent.

Analysis of In-hospital Neonatal Death in the Tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in China: A Multicenter Retrospective Study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Globally, the proportion of child deaths that occur in the neonatal period remains a high level of 37-41%. Differences of cause in neonate death exist in different regions as well as in different economic development countries. The specific aim of this study was to investigate the causes, characteristics, and differences of death in neonates during hospitalization in the tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All the dead neonates admitted to 26 NICUs were included between January l, 2011, and December 31, 2011. All the data were collected retrospectively from clinical records by a designed questionnaire. Data collected from each NICU were delivered to the leading institution where the results were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 744 newborns died during the 1-year survey, accounting for 1.2% of all the neonates admitted to 26 NICUs and 37.6% of all the deaths in children under 5 years of age in these hospitals. Preterm neonate death accounted for 59.3% of all the death. The leading causes of death in preterm and term infants were pulmonary disease and infection, respectively. In early neonate period, pulmonary diseases (56.5%) occupied the largest proportion of preterm deaths while infection (27%) and neurologic diseases (22%) were the two main causes of term deaths. In late neonate period, infection was the leading cause of both preterm and term neonate deaths. About two-thirds of neonate death occurred after medical care withdrawal. Of the cases who might survive if receiving continuing treatment, parents' concern about the long-term outcomes was the main reason of medical care withdrawal.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Neonate death still accounts for a high proportion of all the deaths in children under 5 years of age. Our study showed the majority of neonate death occurred in preterm infants. Cause of death varied with the age of death and gestational age. Accurate and prompt evaluation of the long-term outcomes should be carried out to guide the critical decision.</p>

Mortality and Morbidity of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants in the Mainland of China: A Multi-center Study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>With the progress of perinatal medicine and neonatal technology, more and more extremely low birth weight (ELBW) survived all over the world. This study was designed to investigate the short-term outcomes of ELBW infants during their Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) stay in the mainland of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All infants admitted to 26 NICUs with a birth weight (BW) < l000 g were included between January l, 2011 and December 31, 2011. All the data were collected retrospectively from clinical records by a prospectively designed questionnaire. The data collected from each NICU transmitted to the main institution where the results were aggregated and analyzed. Categorical variables were performed with Pearson Chi-square test. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to detect risk factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 258 ELBW infants were admitted to 26 NICUs, of whom the mean gestational age (GA) was 28.1 ± 2.2 weeks, and the mean BW was 868 ± 97 g. The overall survival rate at discharge was 50.0%. Despite aggressive treatment 60 infants (23.3%) died and another 69 infants (26.7%) died after medical care withdrawal. Furthermore, the survival rate was significantly higher in coastal areas than inland areas (53.6% vs. 35.3%, P = 0.019). BW < 750 g and GA < 28 weeks were the largest risk factors, and being small for gestational age was a protective factor related to mortality. Respiratory distress syndrome was the most common complication. The incidence of patent ductus arteriosus, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity was 26.2%, 33.7%, 6.7%, 48.1%, and 41.4%, respectively. Ventilator associated pneumonia was the most common hospital acquired infection during hospitalization.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Our study was the first survey that revealed the present status of ELBW infants in the mainland of China. The mortality and morbidity of ELBW infants remained high as compared to other developed countries.</p>

Effects of extensively hydrolyzed protein formula on feeding and growth in preterm infants: a multicenter controlled clinical study / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of extensively hydrolyzed protein formula (eHF) on the feeding and growth in preterm infants through a multicenter controlled clinical study.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Preterm infants admitted to eight upper first-class hospitals in China between February 2012 and December 2013 were randomly selected. They were divided into two observation groups and two control groups. The first observation group consisted of preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks, who were fed with eHF for 10-14 days after birth and then with standard preterm formula (SPF) until discharge. The second observation group consisted of preterm infants with a gestational age of 32-34 weeks, who were fed with SPF after birth, but were switched to eHF (7-14 days) if suffering feeding intolerance at 6-8 days after birth. The two control groups with corresponding gestational ages kept to be fed with SPF after birth. Clinical data were recorded to compare feeding condition, physical growth, blood biochemical indices, and major complications between different groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 328 preterm infants were enrolled. Preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks in the observation group had a significantly shorter meconium evacuation time than in the corresponding control group (P<0.05). They also had significantly lower levels of serum total bilirubin at weeks 1 and 2 after birth compared with the control group (P<0.05). The observation group needed more time in reaching enteral nutrition (EN) basic energy uptake of 50 kcal/(kg·d), partial parenteral nutrition (PPN), hospitalization, and corrected gestational age at discharge compared with the controlled infants (P<0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) at discharge between the two groups (P>0.05). Preterm infants with a gestational age of 32-34 weeks in the observation group had significantly lower serum total bilirubin levels at 2 weeks after birth compared with the corresponding control group (P<0.05). They required more time in achieving EN basic energy and PPN than in the control group (P<0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of EUGR at discharge between the two groups (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>For preterm infants, eHF can improve gastrointestinal motility, accelerate bilirubin metabolism and excretion and does not increase the incidence of EUGR.</p>

Levels of serum interleukin-6 and interlenkin-18 in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To explore the levels of serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-18 in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and investigate their roles. Methods The serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-18 levels were detected in 50 newly, diagnosed T2DM patients (T2DM group) and 40 normal subjects (control group). Fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, blood lipid, body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were measured. HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were calculated. Results The serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-18 levels in T2DM group were significantly higher than those in control group [(2.56 ± 1.09) ng/L vs (1.81±0.80) ng/L, (5.38±0.91) ng/L vs (4.62±0.59)ng/L] (P <0.01).Interleukin-6 level was positively correlated with HbA_1c,while interleukin-18 level was positively correlated with BMI and WHR. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-18 levels were positively correlated. Interleukin-6 and interhukin-18 could predicted the insulin resistance. Conclusion Interleukin-6 and interleukin-18 take part in the development of T2DM, and can be related to the insulin resistance.

A follow-up study on children conceived through intracytoplasmic sperm injection / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the perinatal complications, birth defects and growth of children conceived through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Methods A total of 575 children conceived by ICSI in our reproductive medical center, were studied. The follow-up study would include items as pregnant complications, neonatal complications, birth defects in perinatal period, subsequently detected birth defects, body weight and body length/height growth. Results Prematurity and low birth weight of ICSI children were higher in the multiple births than in the singleton births. The rates of materal gestational hypertension, neonatal asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, infection diseases were higher in the multiple pregnancies than in the singleton pregnancies(P＜0.05). Eleven ICSI children had died. Ten of them died in the neonatal period and they were preterm infants. One fullterm singleton ICSI child died of hepatoblastoma at the age of 2. The rate of birth defects in perinatal period was higher in ICSI children of multiple pregnancies than in the general population (P＜0.05). The body weight and body length/height of most ICSI children had obtained the standard range between 1 to 3 year-olds. Conclusion The higher rates of perinatal complications in ICSI children were closely related to multiple pregnancies.

Role of minocycline in an immature rat model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a model of immature rat hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) which was expected to be similar to periventricular leukomalacia in human preterm infants pathologically and neuroethologically, and to investigate the role of minocycline (MN) in this model.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Totally 192 Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal day 2, P(2)), of either sex, were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal-group, sham operation group, HIBD-group, HIBD + MN group, each group had 48 rats. HIBD group and HIBD + MN group survived the left common carotid artery (CCA) ligation followed by 4h exposure to 8% O(2). Rats in sham operation group only survived the left CCA isolation. Rats in normal group were not treated with anything. In HIBD + MN group, the rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection of minocycline 45 mg/kg, immediately after HI and every 24 h for 2 days. Brain tissues were collected on day 3, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks after HI, for hematoxylin-eosin staining and histological scoring. Frozen sections of the brains were stained with anti-O4, anti-O1 immunohistochemistry on day 3 after HI, and MBP immunohistochemistry 2 weeks after HI. Rats in the four groups underwent neuroethologic examination 4 weeks after HI.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>In the HIBD group, there were pathological changes in the periventricular white matter. The pathological changes were milder in HIBD + MN group; There was no statistically significant difference between the normal group and HIBD + MN group in the number of positively stained O4 cell (P > 0.05). The number of positively stained O4 cell in the HIBD group was significantly reduced, compared with that of normal group, sham operation group, and HIBD + MN group (23.67 ± 12.00 vs. 52.89 ± 10.68, 39.28 ± 11.78, 41.63 ± 8.41, P < 0.05). The differences in the number of positively stained O1 cell among the normal group, sham operation group, HIBD group and HIBD + MN group had no statistical significance (P = 0.093). The numbers of myelin basic protein (MBP) positively immunostained fiber bundles in the HIBD + MN group were significantly less than that of the normal group and sham operation group (P < 0.05). The numbers of MBP positively immunostained fiber bundles in the HIBD group were significantly less than that of the normal group, sham operation group, and HIBD + MN group (14.71 ± 7.42 vs. 36.67 ± 6.50, 35.50 ± 3.24, 26.33 ± 5.92, P < 0.05). The HIBD group had long-term neuroethologic abnormality. There was no statistically significant difference in the inclined plane test, hanging test and cylinder test among the HIBD + MN group, normal group, and sham operation group (P > 0.05). The scores of the HIBD group had statistical significantly among the normal group, sham operation group and HIBD + MN group (P < 0.05). In the open field test, there was no statistically significant difference between the HIBD group and HIBD + MN group (P = 0.772), but there was significant difference between these two groups and the normal group, sham operation group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Minocycline protects the pre-oligodendrocyte and has protective effects in terms of long-term neuroethology.</p>

Developing of somatic self-rating scale and its reliability and validity / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To assess the reliability and validity of the Somatic Self-rating Scale(SSS). Methods The sample consisted of 589 outpatients and 64 inpatients, which all the patients completed Zung's Scales at the same time to test criterion validity of the SSS. And 24 inpatients were selected randomly to take a retest after two weeks without antidepressant treatment. Result The test-retest reliability of the SSS was 0.96 and the Cronbach' s αcoefficients was 0.89. The correlation coefficients of the four factors with the total scale score ranged from 0.76 to 0.88, the correlation coefficients of the four factors ranged from 0. 56 to 0.70. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit index for GFI, NFI, NNFI, CFI, IFI were all approaching 0.9, REMEA = 0. 064,x2/df = 3.67. The factor loadings ranged from 0. 427 to 0.732. Correlations with Zung's Scales were in range of 0.74to 0. 80 while the four factors were in range of 0.55 to 0.74. Drawing the ROC curve and the area under the curve was 0.841. Conclusion The SSS has a high reliability and a good validity and can be used in general hospital.

Study on serum levels of adiponectin and its associated factors in type 2 diabetes with insulin treatment / 中国糖尿病杂志

Objective To explore the effect of adiponectin on the pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Methods 50 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were given insulin intensive therapy.Body mass index(BMI), blood lipids, blood glucose, insulin and adiponectin were measured before and after the insulin treatment.36 healthy persons were selected to match for sex and age with diabetes patients. Results In type 2 diabetes patients, before insulin intensive treatment,the level of adiponcetin was 4.28(2.11-6.38)μg/L and arose to 12.26(8.22-16.00)μg/L after 12.6±2.1 day insulin treatment.In healthy persons, the level of adiponectin was 9.56(7.92-11.61)μg/L.There was significant difference among the three groups.Adiponectin was negatively correlated with BMI and triglyceride and positively correlated with insulin action index (IAI) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Conclusions Adiponectin plays a major role in the pathophysiology and treatment of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Long-term effects of early hyperbaric oxygen therapy on neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The application and therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) remains controversial. Previous studies have focused on the early pathological and biochemical outcomes and there is a lack of long-term functional evaluation. This study was designed to evaluate the long-term pathological and behavioral changes of early HBO therapy on neonatal rats with HIBD.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Postnatal 7 days (PD7) rat pups were randomly assigned into Control (n=18), HIBD (n=17) and HBO treatment groups (n=17). HIBD was induced by ligating the left common carotid, followed by 2 hrs hypoxia exposure in the HIBD and HBO treatment groups. The Control group was sham-operated and was not subjected to hypoxia exposure. The HBO therapy with 2 atmosphere absolutes began 0.5-1 hr after HIBD in the HIBD treatment group, once daily for 2 days. The spatial learning and memory ability were evaluated by the Morris water maze test at PD37 to PD41. The morphological and histological changes of the brain, including brain weight, survival neurons, AchE positive unit and NOS positive neurons in hippocampal CA1 region, were detected at PD42.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rats in the HIBD group displayed significant morphological and histological deficits, as well as severe spatial learning and memory disability. In the Morris water maze test, the mean escape latency were longer (56.35 +/- 22.37 s vs 23.07 +/- 16.28 s; P < 0.05) and the probe time and probe length were shorter in the HIBD group (29.29 +/- 6.06 s vs 51.21 +/- 4.59 s and 548 +/- 92 cm vs 989 +/- 101 cm; both P < 0.05) compared with the Control group. The left brain weight in the HIBD group was lighter than that in the Control group (0.601 +/- 0.59 g vs 0.984 +/- 0.18 g; P < 0.05). The survival neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region were less (100 +/- 27/mm vs 183 +/- 8/mm; P < 0.05), as well as the AchE-positive unit and NOS-positive neurons (18.50 +/- 2.24% vs 27.50 +/- 2.18% and 19.25 +/- 4.33 vs 33.75 +/- 5.57 respectively; P < 0.05) after HIBD. Early HBO treatment improved the abilities of spatial learning and alleviated the morphological and histological damage. The mean escape latency (39.17 +/- 21.20 s) was shortened, the probe time (36.84 +/- 4.36 s) and the probe length (686 +/- 76 cm) were longer, and the brain weight (0.768 +/- 0.85 g), the survival neurons (133 +/- 25/mm) and the AchE-positive unit (21.94 +/- 2.73%) increased significantly compared with those of the HIBD group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Early HBO treatment resulted in a protective effect against HIBD-induced long-term brain morphological and histological deficits and spatial learning and memory disability.</p>

Long-term effects of delayed hyperbaric oxygen therapy on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the long-term effects of delayed hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBD).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Postnatal 7 days newborn rats (n = 52) were randomly set to three groups: control (n = 18, sham operation), HIBD (n = 17), or HBO (n = 17). Pups in the HBO group were subjected to hyperbaric oxygen treatment with 2 atmosphaera absolutus, 5 x 30 min at a 24 h intervals since 48-72 h after the HIBD model. All the animals were tested for the spatial learning and memory ability in the Morris water maze from postnatal days 37 to 41. At day-42, rats were decapitated and the brains were analyzed for morphological and histological changes, including brain shapes and weights, survival neurons, percentage of AchE positive area and NOS positive neurons in hippocampal CA1 region.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Rats in HBO and HIBD groups displayed significant morphological and histological damages, as well as severe spatial learning and memory disability. The average escape latency of Morris water maze in HBO group [(56 +/- 23) s] and HIBD group [(56 +/- 22) s] were longer than the control [(23 +/- 16) s] (P < 0.05). The swimming time in HBO group [(30 +/- 5) s] and HIBD group [(29 +/- 6) s] were shorter than the control [(51 +/- 5) s] (P < 0.05). The swimming length in HBO group [(572 +/- 92) cm] and HIBD group [(548 +/- 92) cm] were shorter than the control [(989 +/- 101) cm] (P < 0.05). The weight of left brains in HBO group [(598 +/- 46) mg] and HIBD group [(601 +/- 59) mg] were lighter than the control [(984 +/- 18) mg] (P < 0.05). The survival neurons of hippocamal CA1 region in HBO group [(97 +/- 27)/mm] and HIBD group [(100 +/- 27)/mm] were less than the control [(183 +/- 8)/mm] (P < 0.05). The percentage of AchE-positive fibers in HBO group [(18.4 +/- 2.2)%] and HIBD group [(18.5 +/- 2.2)%] were less than the control [(27.5 +/- 2.2)%,] (P < 0.05). NOS-positive neurons in HBO group [(21 +/- 5)/mm(2)] and HIBD group [(19 +/- 4)/mm(2)] were also less than the control [(34 +/- 6)/mm(2)] (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Delayed HBO therapy resulted in no protection against either HIBD-induced brain morphological and histological deficits or spatial learning and memory disability.</p>

Influence of methylphenidate on growth of school age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine whether long-term treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with methylphenidate influences the growth in height and weight of children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Analyses were performed on 146 school age children (126 boys) diagnosed as ADHD and treated with methylphenidate [0.27-0.64 mg/(kg.day)] for methylphenidate group and 29 children with ADHD who did not receive any medication for ADHD (controls). These children were followed-up for 2-4 years. Changes in height and weight after long-term treatment with methylphenidate were recorded and the factors affecting growth of height, weight, and height velocity were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The change of difference between patients' height and mean height in methylphenidate group and controls was (-1.86 +/- 0.82) cm (paired t test, t = 27.335, P < 0.001) and (-0.26 +/- 0.51) cm (P < 0.05), respectively; the change of height standard deviation score (SDS) in methylphenidate group and controls was -0.14 +/- 0.23 SD (paired t test, t = 7.326, P < 0.001) and +0.05 +/- 0.10 SD (P < 0.05), respectively. When the height change and height SDS change in methylphenidate group and controls were compared by using independent-samples T-test, the t value was -10.078 and -4.262 respectively, P for both was < 0.001. Both of bivariate correlation analysis and stepwise multiple-regression analysis indicated that the duration of treatment contributed significantly to the variance in change of height (P < 0.001); but age, sex, DSM-IV type, NJ22 degree and dose of methylphenidate did not contribute significantly to the variance of height. The mean height velocity from 1st to 4th year was 4.28 cm/year, 4.90 cm/year, 4.98 cm/year and 4.95 cm/year, respectively. With Friedman test, Chi-square = 253.673, P < 0.001. The change of difference of patients' weight to weight for height after methylphenidate was (-0.14 +/- 1.25) kg (paired t test, t = 1.326, P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Small but significant deceleration of height velocity is the identified long-term side effect of methylphenidate, the magnitude of height deficit is related to duration of treatment. The height velocity was significantly attenuated in the first year. Methylphenidate had no significant influence on weight.</p>

Meconium Ileus Combined with Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type Ⅰ in 1 Child / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To improve the recognition of meconium ileus and pseudohypoaldosteronism type Ⅰ and to explore the relationship between neonatal meconium ileus and cystic fibrosis.Methods The clinical and follow-up data of a premature infant with meconium ileus and pseudohypoaldosteronism type Ⅰ was analyzed.Relevant literature was reviewed.Results The child was a very low-birth weight premature infant who didn′t pass meconuim within 24 hours of birth and persistent abdominal distention was noted.Laparotomy was performed on day 4.Thick and inspissated meconium was found in the ileum with perforation.The atretic intestine was resected,and a double-barreled enterostomies was performed.On day 30,the child presented hyponatremia,hyperkalemia,high levels of plasma renin and aldosterone and was given 9 g/L salt supplementation.At 6-month age,9 g/L salt supplementation was discontinued.Anastomosis was performed at 8-month age.The child recovered with a good prognosis whose catch-up growth was obtained at 18-month age and didn′t pre-sent manifestations of cystic fibrosis.Conclusions This case could be diagnosed as meconium ileus and pseudohypoaldosteronism type Ⅰ.The relationship between neonatal meconium ileus and cystic fibrosis is different in China and the regions of Caucasian.

Angiogenesis and its regulatory factors in brain tissue of neonatal rat hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate possible mechanism of angiogenesis in brain tissue of neonatal rat hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty seven-day old neonatal rats were randomly assigned to hypoxic-ischemic (Model group) or sham treatment (Sham group), each group had 20 rats. Five rats from each group were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 after hypoxia-ischemia. Paraffin sections of the brain were stained with anti-endothelial cell, anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by using single or double immunohistochemistry. The brain capillary density index (BCDI), brain proliferating capillary density index (BPCDI) and the expression of VEGF were analyzed under the microscope. The expression of VEGF and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) mRNA in hypoxic-ischemic side of the brain was measured by RT-PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>BCDI around infarct brain tissue in the model group began to rise on day 3 and remained higher than that of the sham group from day 3 to day 14 [day 3: (9.80 +/- 1.05)/HPF vs. (4.90 +/- 0.66)/HPF, P < 0.01;day 14: (13.29 +/- 3.90)/HPF vs. (6.08 +/- 1.50)/HPF, P < 0.01]. Occasional proliferating capillary was found in brain tissue of normal neonatal rats. The density of proliferating brain capillary on day 3 and day 7 of Model group [(0.54 +/- 0.15)/HPF vs. (0.90 +/- 0.25)/HPF] were significantly higher than those of Sham group [(0.12 +/- 0.05)/HPF vs. (0.13 +/- 0.07)/HPF, P < 0.01]. VEGF was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of neurons, capillary endothelial cells and pial cells. Viable neurons and endothelial cells in the infarct areas also expressed VEGF. The expression of VEGF mRNA in hypoxic-ischemic brain tissue was significantly higher than that of normal control (P < 0.01) and temporally preceded angiogenesis. The expression of VEGF mRNA at 12 hours of HIE model was significantly higher than that of normal control (1.56 +/- 0.27 vs. 0.95 +/- 0.21, P < 0.05). It reached its peak on day 1 and day 3 (1.85 +/- 0.31 vs. 1.86 +/- 0.39), significantly higher than that of normal control (P < 0.01), and decreased by day 7 and day 14, without significant difference compared with normal control (P > 0.05). The expression of HIF-1alpha mRNA was also up-regulated after hypoxic-ischemic treatment. The expression of HIF-1alpha mRNA (1.07 +/- 0.21) was significantly higher than that of normal control (0.64 +/- 0.28, P = 0.048) at 3-hour of HIE model, reached its peak on day 1 (1.73 +/- 0.42, P < 0.01), remained at high expression level on day 3 (1.44 +/- 0.36, P < 0.05) and began to decline by day 7 and day 14 when it was not significantly different from normal control.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Angiogenesis exists in the brain tissue of neonatal rat HIE model. Up-regulation of VEGF expression mediated by HIF-1 may play an important role in the process of angiogenesis.</p>

Improving effect of exercise on insulin resistance and its mechanism / 医学研究生学报

Insulin resistance is the important base of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.Physical exercise can improve insulin sensitivity.This article presents an overview of how physical exercise improves insulin resistance and helps the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus by analyzing its influence on the level of insulin receptor and post-receptor and adipose cell cytokine.