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With the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer, more and more thyroid operations are being performed.The relationship between parathyroid gland and thyroid gland is closed and complex, and parathyroid gland’s location is changeable and its blood supply is fragile.Hypoparathyroidism caused by the damage of parathyroid gland has become one of the common postoperative complications.The causes of injury or dysfunction of parathyroid gland are various, which are not only related to anatomical factors, including the variation in morphology, colour, quantity, location and blood supply, but also related to the operation skills of the surgeon or the use of energy devices, while the destruction of blood supply and tissue thermal damage are the main reasons.Therefore, expert mastery on the anatomical location of parathyroid gland and distribution of blood supply of parathyroid gland, careful anatomy during the operation to prevent accidental removal of parathyroid gland, rational use of energy devices to prevent mechanical damage of parathyroid gland and blood supply and thermal damage, is conducive to improving protection of parathyroid function and can reduce the occurrence of postoperative hypoparathyroidism.
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Objective:Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease with slow progress, which is caused by aging, obesity, trauma and other factors.It has a great impact on the daily life of middle-aged and elderly patients.Compared with traditional drug, protein and antibody therapies, stem cells are expected to radically change the medical treatment of osteoarthritis, because they have the ability to replace and repair tissues and organs such as osteoarthritis and joints, and have better homology and lower immune rejection.In different types of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells originate from the mesoderm and can differentiate into different cells to form organs originating from the mesoderm lineage.In view of its ability to differentiate into other types of cells, MSCs have also been used to treat tissues and organs of ectodermal and endodermal lineages such as diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease.Whether MSCs can differentiate into lineages other than mesoderm lineages and the efficacy of treating organ diseases of ectoderm and endoderm lineages have been debated.This review will discuss the clinical features of osteoarthritis, the developmental origin and differentiation potential of MSCs, and the role of MSCs and scaffolds in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Objective Articular cartilage injury is one of the most common orthopedic diseases with high morbidity and morbidity,especially in the elderly. Articular cartilage injury causes degenerative changes of articular cartilage, such as osteoarthritis, which can lead to disability, pain during joint movement and deformation of bone and joint. The prevalence of osteoarthritis accounts for 10% ～12% of the total population in the world. It is a common disease. The prevalence of osteoarthritis has increased to 49. 7% for the elderly aged over 65 years old ( Statistics of the World Health Organization ( who) in 2010 show that with the development of social aging and obesity and other adverse factors,these figures will continue to rise. It is known that osteoarthritis is related to aging,trauma,genetic susceptibility,obesity and inflammation,but the specific cause of osteoarthritis has not been fully identified, which leads to many obstacles in clinical treatment of osteoarthritis. At present,most of the clinical and research work in this field is focused on the restoration of cartilage trauma. In this review, we summarize and discuss the methods of cartilage defect repair,as well as the hot spots and directions of future research work.
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Clinical treatment of large segmental bone defect has always been a major challenge for the medical community,which is due to the complex and diverse pathogenic factors of large segmental bone defect.In recent years,the clinical treatment of large segmental bone defect has made great progress,and the main treatment options include vascularized or non-vascularized autologous bone grafts,allograft bone transplantation,masquelet technology,llizarov technology and bone tissue engineering.Therefore,understanding the advantages and disadvantages of various treatment options is very important for the clinical treatment of large bone defects in long bones,laying the foundation for clinical treatment.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is slow progressive disease with destruction of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of subchondral bone.The elderly are the most common patients,usually treated by joint surgery.OA patients often undergo total joint replacement.The risk andhigh cost of joint replacement prompt researchers to use multi-potential mesenchymal stem cells to repair full-thickness articular cartilage.Mesenchyma Stem Cells (MSCs) are stromal cells that can differentiate into bone,fat and chondrocytes.MSCs exist in bone marrow and fat.Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) can also be found in synovial joints.MSCs affect the progress of OA.MSCs can be isolated and proliferated in vitro and applied in clinical trials.Current clinical trials are still at an early stage.The primary purpose is to evaluate the safety,feasibility and effectiveness.This article reviews recent progress in clinical trials of MSCs repair of OA.
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BACKGROUND: At present, there is evidence that domestic porous tantalum has good biocompatibility and osteogenic properties, but the specific osteogenic mechanism and its effect on osteogenic factors are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of domestic porous tantalum materials on the expression of collagen type I, tissue transglutaminase-2 and calcium-binding protein A4 in MG63 cells. METHODS: MG63 cells in logarithmic growth phase were inoculated onto 24-well plates and cultured in three groups: in blank group, conventional medium was added; in tantalum extract group, porous tantalum material extract was added; and in tantalum scaffold group, porous tantalum material and conventional medium were added. On 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days of culture, the cell proliferation of each group was detected by cell counting kit-8 method. On 5 days of culture, the levels of collagen type I, tissue transglutaminase-2 and calcium-binding protein A4 secreted by MG63 cells in each group were detected by ELISA. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of three proteins in each group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) With the prolongation of culture time, the number of cells in each group increased gradually. There was no difference in cell proliferation among the three groups at different time points (P> 0.05). (2) The secretory levels of collagen type I and tissue transglutaminase-2 in the tantalum scaffold group were significantly higher than those in the blank group and tantalum extract group (P < 0.05), while the secretion of collagen type I and tissue transglutaminase-2 in the tantalum extract group was significantly higher than that in the blank group (P < 0.05). The secretion of calcium-binding protein A4 in the tantalum scaffold group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). (3) The expression of collagen type I and tissue transglutaminase-2 protein in the tantalum scaffold group was significantly higher than that in the blank group and tantalum extract group (P < 0.05), while the expression of collagen type I and tissue transglutaminase-2 protein in the tantalum extract group was significantly higher than that in the blank group (P < 0.05). The expression of calcium-binding protein A4 in the tantalum scaffold group was significantly lower than that in the blank group and tantalum extract group (P < 0.05). To conclude, domestic porous tantalum materials could promote the secretion of collagen type I and tissue transglutaminase-2 by MG63 cells, and inhibit the secretion of calcium-binding protein A4.
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The regulator does not encourage the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) as a cell culture supplement to reduce the risk of zoonosis and heterogeneous immune responses.In addition,FBS production is subject to strict examination because of animal welfare principles.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the platelet lysate (PL) showed a faster growth rate,while maintaining good osteogenic differentiation,PL also have the key factors of MSC attachment,biological safety and immune regulation ability after MSC amplification.PL was proposed as an altemative to MSC in vitro expansion of FBS.This paper briefly introduces the latest research on the field of PL amplification in vitro.
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BACKGROUND:Previous studies have shown that home-made porous tantalum has non-toxicity and good biocompatibility, and can promote osteogenesis. Herein, we explore the mechanisms of tantalum-bone interface osseointegration.OBJECTIVE:To observe the morphological characteristics and expressions of integrin β1 and fibronectin on the interface between porous tantalum and bone tissues after implantation into the right rabbit femur, and to evaluate the biological mechanisms of tantalum-bone interface osseointegration.METHODS: Animal models of bilateral femoral condyle defects were made in Japanese big ear rabbits. Porous tantalum rod and allogeneic bone were respectively implanted into the left (experimental group) and right (control group) femur of rabbits. The animal specimens at the bone defect region were taken and made into paraffin sections and hard tissue sections at postoperative 2, 4, 8 weeks for morphological observation of new bone at the junction between the tantalum rod and host bone under light microscope, for osteogenic observation of the tantalum-bone interface under scanning electron microscope, and for immunohistochemical detection of integrin β1 and fibronectin expression.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Porous tantalum was bonded closely with the host bone. The loose and thick fibrous capsule was observed in the early stage and became thinner in the late stage shown by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The new bone was visible on tantalum-bone interface. Hard tissue slicing observation showed that the new bone was seen on the porous tantalum-bone interface, blood capillaries grew into the pores at postoperative 2 weeks and the pores were full of new bone tissues at postoperative 4 and 8 weeks. Under the scanning electron microscope, the osteoblasts appeared on the tantalum surface and in the pores at the early stage, and bone maturation and lamelar bone were seen at the late stage. The immunohistochemical results showed that the expression of integrin β1 in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group at postoperative 2 weeks (P 0.05). In addition, there was a decline trend in the expression of integrin β1 and fibronectin atpostoperative 2, 4, 8 weeks. To conclude, the porous tantalum material is beneficial to enhance adhesion of osteoblasts on the surface and inside the micro-pores. Increased expression of integrin β1 and fibronectin on the tantalum-bone interface at early stage may promote early osteogenesis, while their decreased expression at bone maturing stage can promote osseointegration and bone remodeling.
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Bone regeneration strategy to repair bone defects shows great potential.Although the skeleton has a strong self-healing and repair capabilities, for huge bone defect caused by trauma, congenital malformations,infection and surgery,the skeleton is difficult to complete the self-repairing process.In order to promote bone regeneration,bone growth must be induced by biologically active implants,cell and intracellular molecular signaling pathways.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSC)play an important role in bone repair and remodeling.Understanding the role of MSC and signaling pathways in bone repair and regeneration is critical for the study and development of bone repair materials.
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BACKGROUND:Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) can induce bone and cartilage formationin vivo, and induce chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cels in muscles and around the vessels. OBJECTIVE:To observe the structure of domestic tantalum-muscle interface fibrous capsule, growth of muscle and smal blood vessels into the porous tantalum and the ability of ectopic osteogenesis after implantation of porous tantalum loaded with BMP-7 into the erector spinae of rabbits. METHODS: Porous tantalum slices loaded with BMP-7 (experimental group) and porous tantalum slices (control group) were implanted into the erector spinae muscle of New Zealand white rabbits. And the porous tantalum slices with surrounding muscle tissues about 0.5 cm thick were removed at 2, 4, 8 weeks after implantation, and observed under scanning electron microscope for hematoxylin eosin staining, Masson staining and hard tissue slice observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Hematoxylin-eosin staining: Fibrous capsule formation was observed around the materials in the two groups, and with the extension of time, the fibrous capsules were slightly dense, and thinned. There was no obvious inflammatory reaction in the interface between the material and the muscle. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the fibrous capsules thickness. (2) Scanning electron microscope: 2 weeks after the surgery, a smal amount of colagen and muscle fibers were formed in the porous tantalum pores in the two groups, and some of colagen fibers attached to the pore wals. At 8 weeks after the surgery, al the pores of porous tantalum were ful of muscle fibers that were combined with the pore wal closely. There was no significant difference between the two groups. (3) Hard tissue slices: 2 weeks after the surgery, a smal amount of fibroblast cels and muscle fibers grew into the pores of porous tantalum in the two groups and new capilaries grew into the pores of porous tantalum in the experimental group. At 8 weeks after the surgery, the porous tantalum and al the pores were ful of muscle fibers that were combined with the pore wal closely, the number of smal blood vessels and cels decreased, and the tantalum and the muscle were fused closely. (4) Masson staining: 8 weeks after the surgery, a large number of mesenchymal cels, ossein and cartilage matrix formed in the muscle gaps and a few cartilage bone tissues were formed in the experimental group, but no cartilage was found in the control group. The study showed that porous tantalum carrying BMP-7 has good biocompatibility and osteogenic induction ability. Subject headings: Tantalum; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; Tissue Engineering.
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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that the Chinese porous tantalum made in China has non-toxicity and good biocompatibility, which can promote osteogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of transforming growth factor β1 on proliferation, cel cycle and secretion of osteoblasts on porous tantalum/MG63 osteoblast-like cel composites. METHODS: Passage 3 MG63 osteoblast-like cel suspension (1×109/L) was seeded onto the porous tantalum, then the cel composites were inoculated in the medium with 0, 0.5, 5 and 10 μg/L transforming growth factor β1, respectively. The proliferation of osteoblasts was detected by cel counting kit-8 assay at 1-13 days after inoculation; the cel morphology and ultrastructure observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy; and level of col agen type I detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSON: 0.5, 5, 10 μg/L transforming growth factor β1 could promote the osteoblast proliferation, and cel proliferation in the 5 μg/L transforming growth factor β1 group was higher than that in the other groups; in the 5 μg/L transforming growth factor β1 group, laminated osteoblasts adhered on the surface and grew into inner of porous tantalum, which extended more pseudopodia toward the scaffold; osteoblasts-secreted matrix could cover the scaffold and numerous rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, dense mitochondria, Golgi apparatus as wel as matrix vesicles could be found in the cytoplasm. In addition, the level of col agen type I in the 5 μg/L transforming growth factor β1 group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate that transforming growth factor β1 can promote proliferation, and col agen type I secretion of osteoblasts on porous tantalum/MG63 osteoblast-like cel composites, and the optimum mass concentration of transforming growth factor β1 is 5 μg/L.
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Objective:To study the influence of bone morphogenetic protein-7 ( BMP-7 ) on chondro-cyte secretion and expression of type Ⅱ collagen ( Col-Ⅱ) , aggrecan ( AGG ) and SRY-related high mobility group-box gene 9 ( Sox9 ) mRNA in porous tantalum-chondrocyte composites.Methods: The articular chondrocytes were isolated from 3-week-old New Zealand immature rabbits and identified.The 2nd generation of chondrocytes with 1 ×106/mL inoculate concentration was seeded in porous tantalum and divided into 4 groups, and control group ( tantalum/chondrocyte) , 50μg/L BMP-7 group (50μg/L BMP-7/tantalum/chondrocyte) , 100 μg/L BMP-7 group ( 100 μg/L BMP-7/tantalum/chondrocyte ) , and 200 μg/L BMP-7 group ( 200 μg/L BMP-7/tantalum/chondrocyte ) .The proliferation of chondro-cytes was measured by CCK-8 assay.The chondrocyte growth and morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) .The synthesis of glycosaminoglycan ( GAG) in chondrocytes was tested by dimethyl methylene blue ( DMMB) colorimetric quantification method.Col-Ⅱ, AGG and Sox9 mRNA in chondrocytes were detected by real-time PCR.Results: The chondrocytes were spindle-shaped in 24 hours of primary cell culture and most cells became polygonal shaped in 4 days.The chondrocytes were affirmed by alcian blue, safranin O and Col-Ⅱimmunocytochemistry staining.The result of CCK-8 assay showed that the level of cell proliferation in 100 μg/L BMP-7 groups were higher than those in the other groups ( P<0 .05 ) .The chondrocytes implanted into porous tantalum scaffolds with BMP-7 had better functions, by which cytoplasmic processes developed and extended to the surface and inner of porous tan-talum by SEM observation.DMMB quantitative determination of GAG showed that GAG amount of chon-drocytes in 100 μg/L BMP-7 groups was significantly higher than those in the other groups ( P<0 .05 ) . The expressions of Col-Ⅱ, AGG and Sox9 mRNA in chondrocytes were up-regulated in the experimental groups, compared with the control group and the best effect appeared when concentration of BMP-7 was 200μg/L.(P<0.05).Conclusion:BMP-7/tantalum/chondrocytes composites enhanced in vitro chon-drocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix greatly, and can promote chondrogenic gene expression.
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Objective To investegate the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the apoptosis related protein FLICE-inhibitory protein(FLIP),Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD)and Caspase-3 in the subatania nigra(SN)of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahyd-ropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease(PD), and to investigate the role of FADD and FLIP in the pathogenesis of PD and the protective effect of ginsenosides Rg1 on dopaminergic neurons.Methods 45 C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into control group,model group and ginsenoside Rg1 group (n=15).The mice in model group were injected with MPTP by intraperitoneal,the mice in Rg1 group were injected with ginsenoside Rg1 before injecting MPTP,and the mice in control group were injected with normal saline by intraperitoneal. The behavioral changes of the mice in various groups were observed, and immunohistochemistry and Western blotting methods were used to observe the expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH),FADD,FLIP and Caspase-3 in substantia nigra of the mice.Results Compared with control group,the mice in model group presented with typical symptoms of PD, the TH-positive neurons in the subatania nigra was significantly reduced (P<0.01 ), the number of FADD, FLIP and Caspase-3 positive cells was significantly increased(P<0.01),and the cytoplasm was deeply stained;the protein expression levels of FADD,FLIP and Caspase-3 were significantly increased (P<0.01).Compared with model group,the PD symptoms of the mice in ginsenoside Rg1 group reduced, the number of TH-positive neurons was significantly increased, the number of positive cells of FLIP,FADD and Caspase-3 were significantly reduced(P<0.01),and the cytoplasm was lightly stained;the protein expression levels of FADD, FLIP and Caspase-3 were significantly reduced (P<0.01 ). Nonlinear correlation analysis found that there was a positive relationship between the number of FADD and Caspase-3 positive cells (r=0.791,P<0.05).Conclusion Ginsenoside Rg1 may play a neural protective effect dopaminergic on neurons by modulating the FADD and FLIP expressions in SN of PD model mice.
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Objective To investigate cytotoxicity,biocompatibility and new bone formation traced of Chinese porous tantalum,and provide experimental strategies for further clinical application.Methods The physical properties of the porous tantalum were observed by the SEM.The osteoblasts were isolated from rabbit embryo.The extract fluid from tantalum was made.The cytotoxicity and proliferation of osteoblasts compounded with porous tantalum in vitro were detected by the MTT assay.The osteoblasts were co-cultured with extract of tantalum in vitro and the morphological changes,proliferation and adhesion were observed under SEM.A total of 24 New Zealand rabbits were used to establish the model of femoral condyles with porous tantalum bars implanted.Among which 4 of them was injected with calcein and alizarin on the 5th day and the 19th day and sacrificed at 10 week postoperatively.The specimens were observed with LSCM at 488 nm and 543 nm wavelength respectively.The remained 20 animals were sacrificed successively at 2,4,8,12 weeks of implantation,then were examined by histological observation.Results The SEM showed that the pore of porous tantalum were three-dimensional connected morphology.MTT assay showed that the osteoblasts grew well in extract and no significant difference between experimental and control groups.The osteoblasts grew and spread extensively on porous tantalum.Early on co-culture,the osteoblasts attached to the surface and inner walls of material,in the later stage,the osteoblasts excreted bone matrix over the surface of porous tantalum.The animal model showed that porous tantalum was bonded closely with host bone.Hard slicing showed that new bone and capillary regenerated on tantalum-bone interface at 2,4 weeks postoperatively.The pores were full with bone tissue at 8,12 weeks.The LSCM indicated that the green and red fluorescence-labeled new bone was displayed on tantalum-bone interface,while the red zone located around the green zones.They appeared to be discontinuous at early stage,but connected with each other at the end.Conclusion The Chinese porous tantalum has good biocompatibility and no cytotoxicity.The contact osteogenesis and bone conduction exist in tantalum-bone interface,and in a time-dependent manner.
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Objective To investigate the expression and distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)in the different phases of femoral neck fracture.Methods Immunohistochemical assays were used to determine the expression and distribution of bFGF and PDGF protein in 36 human specimen of femoral neck fracture.A was measured and analyzed by CMIAS color imaging analysis system for signals of bFGF protein were found high in the mesenchymal cells,monocyte and vascular endothelial cells at 1st week after fracture in 9 subjects,with A of (0.4076 ±0.0902).The weakly positive signals of PDGF protein were found in the mesenchymal cells,while strongly positive in the vascular endothelial cells with A of (0.2261 ±0.0636).At 2rd week,in 9 cases the expression of bFGF and PDGF was strongly expressed in fibroblasts,endothelial cells,cartilage cell and cartilage matrix,osteoblast,with A of[(0.6404±0.0920)and (0.7457±0.0756)]and significandy higher than that at 1st week (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).There was no significant difference between the 3rd and 3nd week with A of[(0.7168±0.1346)and (0.8033±0.0491),P＞0.05 ].The expression of bFGF and PDGF protein was reduced obviously at 4th week but was positive in young and cartilage tissue,with A of [(0.5374correlation between bFGF and PDGF protein in different phases (r1week=0.792,r2week=0.834,r3week=0.880,entiation of cartilage cell and osteoblast,and induce proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and new blood vessel.③ Both bFGF and PDGF are bone growth factors, cooperating in regulating proliferation and differentiation of cartilage cell and osteoblast for fracture healing.
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0.05).[Conclusion]Allogeneic freeze-dried bone marrow stromal cells has better biocompatibility but no cytotoxicity.It provids experimental data for its clinical application.
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[Objective]To explore the expression of OPG/OPGL protein and its significance in rat model of trauma-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head(ONFH). [Methods]Thirty-two SD rats about 6 months were divided randomly into experimental and control groups.The animal model of femoral head necrosis was established in 32 SD rats by removing round ligaments of femoral head.Animals were sacrificed at 1,2,4 and 6 weeks after operation,respectively.The specimens were examined through histological observation under light microscope.The other side with sham operation served as normal control group.The comparison of fat tissue with hematopoietic tissue in the cavity of bone marrow of femoral head were performed by CMIAS computer-assisted image and statistical analysis.The percentage of empty lacuna in the femoral heads was obtained.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of OPG/OPGL protein in ONFH.[Results]ONFH was confirmed in experimental group.The model in various stages was successfully duplicated.Compared with normal control group,the percentage of empty lacuna remarkable increase was found in experimental groups in different periods(P
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0.05).[Conclusion]BMSCs could be successfully differentiated into endothelial cells in vitro,and the functional genes were stably expressed in BMSCs-derived endothelial cells.They are ideal donor cells of tissue engineering vascularization.
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Objective To explore new insight into the immunopathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.Methods Immunohistochemistry for the immunoglobulin(IgG)and complement(C 3c )was performed in biopsy specimens of the mucous membrane from 50 patients with ulcerative colitis(32 in active state and 18 in inactive state)and 5 controls.Results The immunoglobulin and activated complement were found in the epithelium mucosae and basement membrane of capillary walls in ulcerative colitis,with highest density in patients with active ulcerative colitis as compared with inactive ones.Conclusions The activation of immunoglobulin(IgG)and complement(C 3c )are closely related to active ulcerative colitis which plays an important role in the tissue damage of active ulcerative colits.Immunoglobulin(IgG)and complement(C 3c )are important components of immunoregulatory network of ulcerative colitis