ABSTRACT
Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, it is not understood if inflammatory lymphangiogenesis is a pathological consequence or a productive attempt to resolve the inflammation. This study investigated the effect of lymphangiogenesis on intestinal inflammation by overexpressing a lymphangiogenesis factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), in a mouse model of acute colitis. Forty eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were treated with recombinant adenovirus overexpressing VEGF-C or with recombinant VEGF-C156S protein. Acute colitis was then established by exposing the mice to 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days. Mice were evaluated for disease activity index (DAI), colonic inflammatory changes, colon edema, microvessel density, lymphatic vessel density (LVD), and VEGFR-3mRNA expression in colon tissue. When acute colitis was induced in mice overexpressing VEGF-C, there was a significant increase in colonic epithelial damage, inflammatory edema, microvessel density, and neutrophil infiltration compared to control mice. These mice also exhibited increased lymphatic vessel density (73.0±3.9 vs 38.2±1.9, P<0.001) and lymphatic vessel size (1974.6±104.3 vs 1639.0±91.5, P<0.001) compared to control mice. Additionally, the expression of VEGFR-3 mRNA was significantly upregulated in VEGF-C156S mice compared to DSS-treated mice after induction of colitis (42.0±1.4 vs 3.5±0.4, P<0.001). Stimulation of lymphangiogenesis by VEGF-C during acute colitis promoted inflammatory lymphangiogenesis in the colon and aggravated intestinal inflammation. Inflammatory lymphangiogenesis may have pleiotropic effects at different stages of IBD.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Colitis/physiopathology , Lymphangiogenesis/physiology , Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/metabolism , Acute Disease , Adenoviridae/genetics , Colitis/etiology , Colitis/metabolism , Colitis/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Immunohistochemistry , Intestinal Mucosa/pathology , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Recombination, Genetic/physiology , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/physiologyABSTRACT
With a sharp increase of the number of imported cases of falciparum malaria, the potential risk of the reemergent transmission of this kind of malaria is approaching imminently in Sichuan Province, China, where falciparum malaria had completely been eliminated by the 1960s. It has been of concern whether the epidemic would appear again, because there still exist malaria vectors and vulnerable populations in Sichuan. By undertaking surveillance on 31 cases returning from the endemic areas with falciparum malaria, and on their family members and neighbors, we have not found out any introduced case of falciparum malaria who was contracted from the imported ones. The vector monitoring results suggested that the use of insecticide-impregnated bednets interfered with malaria vectorial capacity and expectation of infective life. The epidemiological characteristics of the imported cases and reasons why no consequent malaria case was detected were analysed at dynastic level in detail.
Subject(s)
Adult , Africa , Animals , Anopheles , Asia, Southeastern , China/epidemiology , Drug Resistance , Humans , Insect Vectors , Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Population Surveillance/methods , Population Dynamics , Risk Factors , Transients and MigrantsABSTRACT
Trials were undertaken in a hypoendemic area of malaria in an area bordering Vietnam, in Napo County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. The aim was to compare the relative cost effectiveness of DDT residual spraying and of bednets impregnated with deltamethrin in the malaria control program. The trials were divided into three subgroups: (1) two farming areas and one coal mining area with a total population > 20,000, where the trial consisted of mass bednets impregnated with deltamethrin 15 mg/m2 net surface once a year, (2) one farming area with a population of approximately 3,600 where DDT residual spraying at 2g/m2 was carried out twice a year in May and August; (3) one farming area and one coal mining village with a population of > 4,000 were used as a control. The malaria vector population consisted mainly of Anopheles minimus and An. anthropophagus with a small contribution from An. sinensis. After bednets were impregnated with deltamethrin the mosquitos resting on the surface of the bednets decreased significantly, although there was less effect on the total vector population. The results showed that malaria incidence decreased significantly both in areas where impregnated bednets were used and in areas where residual spraying was undertaken. The positive IFAT rates of residents who slept under impregnated bednets decreased significantly in farming areas, especially in that area where bednet impregnation as a vector control measure had been undertaken for two years, but there was no change in the IFAT rate in DDT sprayed or control areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)