ABSTRACT
Objective Both epidemiologic characteristics and transmission mode of a varicella outbreak among schoolchildren in Shenzhen city were studied and related control measures were discussed.Methods Case definition was established.Case-finding and face-to-face investigation were conducted,followed by analysis on distributions of time,place and persons of the outbreak.Association between possible modes of transmission and the outbreak was explored.Retrospective cohort study was carried out.Results The overall attack rate of this outbreak was 4.4％ (122 of 2742).The attack rate among primary schoolchildren (8.3％,118/1419) was higher than that in the middle-school children (0.3％,4/1323).There were no statistically significant differences on the attack rates between male and female students.A total of 22 classes from the 9 grades were affected by this outbreak and the aggregation of varicella cases was found in classes.The highest attack rates was found in the students of fifth grade (23.7％),followed by from the third grade (13.4％).The main transmission mode appeared to be close personal contact.The outbreak,with four peaks of incidence,lasted 72 days.Data from the investigation suggested that the primary case was introduced into the school during military training involved by the students.Activities related to physical examination for all the schoolchildren seemed to have contributed to the spread of this disease among classes.Delayed isolation of cases appeared to be the major factor causing the spread of disease among classes.Intensive off-school activities or free community bus for children did not seem to be associated with the spreading of the disease.52.5％ (64/122) of the cases had received one-dose of varicella vaccine,with the median of onset after the vaccination as 7 years.The results demonstrated that one single-dose vaccine or long vaccination period were factors related to the insufficient immunity that causing the outbreak of disease.Conclusion Varicella outbreak has been one of the most grievous public health problems in schools,posting challenges on the implementation of isolation measures,in particular.Once the chain of transmission is in place,it is difficult to make the universal measures effective within a short period.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe and compare the hepatitis virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients receiving surgical operation in China and Japan.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Information of surgical HCC patients was retrieved from the medical records. The concerned characteristics of the HCC cases from two countries were described and compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 425 diagnosed cases that underwent surgical resection for HCC in China were investigated, and the corresponding cases in Japan were 247. The proportion of the hepatitis virus infection was 75.53% in patients with HCC from China. Within the infection cases, 91.28% were positive for HBsAg but negative for anti-HCV. The proportion was 82.59% in patients with HCC from Japan. Within the infection cases, 77.94% were positive for anti-HCV but negative for HBsAg. The proportion of hepatocirrhosis in the hepatitis virus infection patients with HCC were 89.10% and 68.14% in China and Japan, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The hepatitis B virus infection showed be a main cause of HCC in China, however, the HCC in Japan be mostly related to hepatitis C virus infection.</p>