ABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to determine level of dental anxiety related to dental procedures in dental students and comparing the dental anxiety between male and female undergraduate dental students of Rawal Dental College. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Rawal Dental College, Islamabad, Pakistan during October 2016. A validated Corah Dental Anxiety Scale [DAS] questionnaire were distributed among dental students in first, second, third and fourth year students present at the day of study. There were four questions with five options in this scale that assess level of anxiety. Total score ranged from 4-20. This was total of all points of scale items. The score 8 or below 8 showed no anxiety, 9-12 showed moderate level of anxiety, 13-14 showed high level of anxiety and 15-20 showed severe level of anxiety. Chi-Square Test used to determine level of anxiety and Mean Anxiety Score between male and female students. Mean and Standard Deviation of gender was calculated by independent T test and that of Academic classes of dental students were calculated by one-way ANOVA. Results showed female students presented with higher mean anxiety score as compared to male students. The difference was statistically insignificant [P-value = 0.10]. Dental anxiety reduced from first year to final year. Female students had more high to severe level of anxiety as compared to male students. Mean and standard deviation of Mean anxiety score was calculated i.e. 9.11 +/-3.15
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to determine the confidence level of house officers in performing root canal treatment. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences and Islamic International Dental Hospital from june 2017 to January 2018. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed among house officers of both hospitals. The questionnaire utilized scaled response to determine the level of confidence while performing various steps of root canal treatment. The level of confidence was categorized using 5-point Likert's scale as 1=not at all confident, 2=not very confident, 3=neutral, 4=confident and 5=very confident. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS version 17.0. Counts and percentages were measured for various parameters of respondent's confidence level. Chi- square test was used to compare confidence level between the two genders and also between the two institutes. Majority of house officers were not confident in placement of rubber dam [44%], working length determination using apex locator [36%] and management of flare-ups [40%]. Male gender was found more confident than female regarding various steps of root canal procedure. House officers of Rawal institute of health sciences were more confident in some steps of root canal than house officers of Islamic international dental hospital. Overall it was concluded that though house officers were confident in performing root canal, however, they were found to have low confidence in performing difficult steps like rubber dam application, use of electronic apex locator and management of flare-ups
ABSTRACT
Background: Acute Kidney Injury is not a single disease but rather a syndrome comprising of multiple clinical conditions. The high rate of morbidity associated with AKI poses a burden on both the public as well as private sector. Small changes in serum creatinine concentrations associated with a substantial increase in the risk of morbidity. Therefore, detection of even small changes in kidney injury has an important prognostic value to avoid chances of hemo-dialysis and the associated risks which can result in both better outcomes as well as lowering financial burden on the patient as well as the state
Methods: A sample size of 100 patients was included as calculated by taking reported incidence of 36%. Patient's baseline and maximum creatinine was taken during ICU stay together with urine output monitoring during first 48 hours. Staging of acute kidney injury [AKI] was done by Acute Kidney Injury Network [AKIN] criteria. Outcome of renal failure was assessed on the basis of full, partial and no recovery
Results: Out of 100 patients, 52% were in stage 1, 32% were in stage 2 and 16% were in stage 3. AKI was common in females; present in 37 males and 63 females; [p value <0.05]. Full renal recovery was achieved in 62 patients [62%] of AKI; 25 patients [25%] were partial recovered, and in 13 patients [13%] recovery could not be achieved. Recovery was significantly lower [25%] and potentially greater in stage1 [79%].The chi square between outcome and acute kidney injury revealed statistical significant value [p value <0.001]. Hemodialysis requirement was significantly higher in AKI stage3 [62%] than AKI stage1 [4%]; [P < 0.001]. There were no significant differences in duration of ICU stay, age and mortality
Conclusion: Our study showed the morbidity and mortality associated with rising creatinine with increasing stages of acute kidney injury. Recovery in stage 1 was significantly higher and lower in stage 3 and therefore emphasis is required on early diagnosis and timely management of AKI that can prevent patients from distressing and life threatening problems