Physiology teaching methodology – Perspective of undergraduate medical students

Background: Proper understanding of concepts of physiology forms basis of good clinical practice. To make the lectures in physiology more interesting and understanding, one has to review the teaching methods at regular intervals. Aims and Objectives: This study is designed to get feedback regarding teaching methods in physiology from MBBS students of Government Medical College, Kozhikode, to make teaching more effective. Materials and Methods: Two hundred randomly selected students who successfully completed 1st-year MBBS are included in the study group. The standard questionnaire is shared to study group through Google forms and adequate time is given to record their responses. Descriptive statistics are used. Frequency is expressed in percentage. Results: Most of students prefer interactive teaching methodologies such as group discussion as their preferred mode of learning rather than conventional didactic lectures in whole batch. Students also like to have integration with other subjects and early clinical exposure to understand the concepts precisely. Conclusion: Teaching in small groups with proper integration and alignment with other subjects will make maximum results rather than the traditional teacher centered medical education. Periodic review of teaching methods is very much essential to make the subject more interesting.

Successful Trastuzumab-Deruxtecan Rechallenge After Interstitial Lung Disease: A Case Report / 한국유방암학회지

Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) is used to treat human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive advanced breast cancer. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a severe adverse event associated with T-DXd. Current guidelines recommend permanent discontinuation of T-DXd after Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade ≥ 2 ILD. Here, we describe a case of successful rechallenge with T-DXd after CTCAE grade 2 treatmentinduced ILD. After discontinuation of T-DXd, ILD was treated with steroids until complete resolution. Given the initial beneficial antitumor response, retreatment was discussed during disease progression. In a shared decision with the patient, T-DXd was restarted at the lowest registered dose, along with low-dose steroids. ILD did not reoccur. Importantly, both clinical and radiological responses to the treatment were observed, with an improvement in the patient’s quality of life. This case demonstrates that retreatment with T-DXd after a grade 2 ILD event is feasible and yields clinical benefit.

The influence of primer choice on archaeal phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene PCR / A influência da escolha de iniciadores na filogenia de Archaea em ensaios de PCR para o gene rRNA 16S

Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting 16S rRNA genes followed by DNA sequencing are still important tools to characterize microbial communities present in environmental samples. However, despite the crescent number of deposited archaeal DNA sequences in databases, until now we do not have a clear picture of the effectiveness and specificity of the universal primers widely used to describe archaeal communities from different natural habitats. Therefore, in this study, we compared the phylogenetic profile obtained when Cerrado lake sediment DNA samples were submitted to 16S rDNA PCR employing three Archaea-specific primer sets commonly used. Our findings reveal that specificity of primers differed depending on the source of the analyzed DNA. Furthermore, archaeal communities revealed by each primer pair varied greatly, indicating that 16S rRNA gene primer choice affects the community profile obtained, with differences in both taxon detection and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) estimates.

Resumo A amplificação de genes que codificam o rRNA 16S por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e o seu subsequente sequenciamento consistem em uma ferramenta importante na caracterização de comunidades microbianas presentes em amostras ambientais. No entanto, apesar do crescente número de sequências de DNA de Archaea depositadas em bancos de dados, a especificidade e efetividade dos iniciadores de PCR descritos como universais e amplamente utilizados na descrição desse grupo ainda não está clara. Neste estudo foram comparados os perfis filogenéticos de comunidades de arqueias obtidos a partir amostras de DNA de sedimentos lacustres do Cerrado submetidas a ensaios de PCR empregando três pares de iniciadores específicos para Archaea, comumente utilizados neste tipo de estudo. Nossos resultados indicam que as comunidades de arqueias detectadas com cada par de iniciadores apresentaram grande variação filogenética, sugerindo que a escolha de iniciadores dirigidos ao gene de rRNA 16S tem efeito significativo no perfil da comunidade descrita, com diferenças tanto em relação aos táxons detectados, como nas estimativas de unidades taxonômicas operacionais (OTU).

Feral dogs in Chitral gol national park, Pakistan: a potential threat to the future of threatened Kashmir Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis) / Cães ferozes no parque nacional Chitral gol, Paquistão: uma ameaça potencial para o futuro do Markhor da Caxemira ameaçado (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis)

Abstract Feral dogs are well-organized hunters of ungulates in many parts of the world, causing great damage to wildlife populations and ultimately to the ecosystem. In Pakistan, the impacts of feral dogs on the wildlife have not been documented yet. In a period of fifteen years (2006-2020), feral dogs have killed hundreds of threatened markhor in Chitral gol national park (CGNP), Pakistan. Despite direct predation other impacts including disturbance and competition with other natural predators, could compromise conservation and management efforts. The population of feral dogs seems to have been increased with the increase of dumping sites by communities. Our findings suggest that there are pressing needs of controlling the feral dogs population and eradicating them from the core zone of CGNP and surrounding buffer communities. Conventional culling of dogs should be coupled with modern techniques like castration and sterilization. Communities should be educated regarding the clean environment, proper disposal of home wastes and, biodiversity conservation.

Resumo Os cães ferozes são caçadores bem organizados de ungulados em muitas partes do mundo, causando grandes danos à população de animais selvagens e, em última instância, ao ecossistema. No Paquistão, os impactos dos cães selvagens na vida selvagem ainda não foram documentados. Em um período de 15 anos (2006-2020), cães selvagens mataram centenas de markhor ameaçados no parque nacional Chitral gol (CGNP), Paquistão. Apesar da predação direta, outros impactos, incluindo distúrbios e competições com outros predadores naturais podem comprometer os esforços de conservação e manejo. A população de cães selvagens parece ter aumentado com o aumento dos locais de despejo pelas comunidades. Nossas descobertas sugerem que há necessidades urgentes para controlar a população de cães selvagens e erradicá-los da zona central do CGNP e das comunidades-tampão vizinhas. O abate convencional de cães deve ser combinado com técnicas modernas como castração e esterilização. As comunidades devem ser educadas sobre o meio ambiente limpo, o descarte adequado de resíduos domésticos e a conservação da biodiversidade.

Feral dogs in Chitral gol national park, Pakistan: a potential threat to the future of threatened Kashmir Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis) / Cães ferozes no parque nacional Chitral gol, Paquistão: uma ameaça potencial para o futuro do Markhor da Caxemira ameaçado (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis)

Feral dogs are well-organized hunters of ungulates in many parts of the world, causing great damage to wildlife populations and ultimately to the ecosystem. In Pakistan, the impacts of feral dogs on the wildlife have not been documented yet. In a period of fifteen years (2006-2020), feral dogs have killed hundreds of threatened markhor in Chitral gol national park (CGNP), Pakistan. Despite direct predation other impacts including disturbance and competition with other natural predators, could compromise conservation and management efforts. The population of feral dogs seems to have been increased with the increase of dumping sites by communities. Our findings suggest that there are pressing needs of controlling the feral dogs population and eradicating them from the core zone of CGNP and surrounding buffer communities. Conventional culling of dogs should be coupled with modern techniques like castration and sterilization. Communities should be educated regarding the clean environment, proper disposal of home wastes and, biodiversity conservation.

Os cães ferozes são caçadores bem organizados de ungulados em muitas partes do mundo, causando grandes danos à população de animais selvagens e, em última instância, ao ecossistema. No Paquistão, os impactos dos cães selvagens na vida selvagem ainda não foram documentados. Em um período de 15 anos (2006-2020), cães selvagens mataram centenas de markhor ameaçados no parque nacional Chitral gol (CGNP), Paquistão. Apesar da predação direta, outros impactos, incluindo distúrbios e competições com outros predadores naturais podem comprometer os esforços de conservação e manejo. A população de cães selvagens parece ter aumentado com o aumento dos locais de despejo pelas comunidades. Nossas descobertas sugerem que há necessidades urgentes para controlar a população de cães selvagens e erradicá-los da zona central do CGNP e das comunidades-tampão vizinhas. O abate convencional de cães deve ser combinado com técnicas modernas como castração e esterilização. As comunidades devem ser educadas sobre o meio ambiente limpo, o descarte adequado de resíduos domésticos e a conservação da biodiversidade.

The influence of primer choice on archaeal phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene PCR / A influência da escolha de iniciadores na filogenia de Archaea em ensaios de PCR para o gene rRNA 16S

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting 16S rRNA genes followed by DNA sequencing are still important tools to characterize microbial communities present in environmental samples. However, despite the crescent number of deposited archaeal DNA sequences in databases, until now we do not have a clear picture of the effectiveness and specificity of the universal primers widely used to describe archaeal communities from different natural habitats. Therefore, in this study, we compared the phylogenetic profile obtained when Cerrado lake sediment DNA samples were submitted to 16S rDNA PCR employing three Archaea-specific primer sets commonly used. Our findings reveal that specificity of primers differed depending on the source of the analyzed DNA. Furthermore, archaeal communities revealed by each primer pair varied greatly, indicating that 16S rRNA gene primer choice affects the community profile obtained, with differences in both taxon detection and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) estimates.

A amplificação de genes que codificam o rRNA 16S por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e o seu sub sequentesequenciamento consistem em uma ferramenta importante na caracterização de comunidades microbianas presentes em amostras ambientais. No entanto, apesar do crescente número de sequências de DNA de Archaea depositadas em bancos de dados, a especificidade e efetividade dos iniciadores de PCR descritos como universais e amplamente utilizados na descrição desse grupo ainda não está clara. Neste estudo foram comparados os perfis filogenéticos de comunidades de arqueias obtidos a partir amostras de DNA de sedimentos lacustres do Cerrado submetidas a ensaios de PCR empregando três pares de iniciadores específicos para Archaea, comumente utilizados neste tipo de estudo. Nossos resultados indicam que as comunidades de arqueias detectadas com cada par de iniciadores apresentaram grande variação filogenética, sugerindo que a escolha de iniciadores dirigidos ao gene de rRNA 16S tem efeito significativo no perfil da comunidade descrita, com diferenças tanto em relação aos táxons detectados, como nas estimativas de unidades taxonômicas operacionais (OTU).

Feral dogs in Chitral gol national park, Pakistan: a potential threat to the future of threatened Kashmir Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis)

Abstract Feral dogs are well-organized hunters of ungulates in many parts of the world, causing great damage to wildlife populations and ultimately to the ecosystem. In Pakistan, the impacts of feral dogs on the wildlife have not been documented yet. In a period of fifteen years (2006-2020), feral dogs have killed hundreds of threatened markhor in Chitral gol national park (CGNP), Pakistan. Despite direct predation other impacts including disturbance and competition with other natural predators, could compromise conservation and management efforts. The population of feral dogs seems to have been increased with the increase of dumping sites by communities. Our findings suggest that there are pressing needs of controlling the feral dogs population and eradicating them from the core zone of CGNP and surrounding buffer communities. Conventional culling of dogs should be coupled with modern techniques like castration and sterilization. Communities should be educated regarding the clean environment, proper disposal of home wastes and, biodiversity conservation.

Resumo Os cães ferozes são caçadores bem organizados de ungulados em muitas partes do mundo, causando grandes danos à população de animais selvagens e, em última instância, ao ecossistema. No Paquistão, os impactos dos cães selvagens na vida selvagem ainda não foram documentados. Em um período de 15 anos (2006-2020), cães selvagens mataram centenas de markhor ameaçados no parque nacional Chitral gol (CGNP), Paquistão. Apesar da predação direta, outros impactos, incluindo distúrbios e competições com outros predadores naturais podem comprometer os esforços de conservação e manejo. A população de cães selvagens parece ter aumentado com o aumento dos locais de despejo pelas comunidades. Nossas descobertas sugerem que há necessidades urgentes para controlar a população de cães selvagens e erradicá-los da zona central do CGNP e das comunidades-tampão vizinhas. O abate convencional de cães deve ser combinado com técnicas modernas como castração e esterilização. As comunidades devem ser educadas sobre o meio ambiente limpo, o descarte adequado de resíduos domésticos e a conservação da biodiversidade.

The influence of primer choice on archaeal phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene PCR

Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting 16S rRNA genes followed by DNA sequencing are still important tools to characterize microbial communities present in environmental samples. However, despite the crescent number of deposited archaeal DNA sequences in databases, until now we do not have a clear picture of the effectiveness and specificity of the universal primers widely used to describe archaeal communities from different natural habitats. Therefore, in this study, we compared the phylogenetic profile obtained when Cerrado lake sediment DNA samples were submitted to 16S rDNA PCR employing three Archaea-specific primer sets commonly used. Our findings reveal that specificity of primers differed depending on the source of the analyzed DNA. Furthermore, archaeal communities revealed by each primer pair varied greatly, indicating that 16S rRNA gene primer choice affects the community profile obtained, with differences in both taxon detection and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) estimates.

Resumo A amplificação de genes que codificam o rRNA 16S por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e o seu subsequente sequenciamento consistem em uma ferramenta importante na caracterização de comunidades microbianas presentes em amostras ambientais. No entanto, apesar do crescente número de sequências de DNA de Archaea depositadas em bancos de dados, a especificidade e efetividade dos iniciadores de PCR descritos como universais e amplamente utilizados na descrição desse grupo ainda não está clara. Neste estudo foram comparados os perfis filogenéticos de comunidades de arqueias obtidos a partir amostras de DNA de sedimentos lacustres do Cerrado submetidas a ensaios de PCR empregando três pares de iniciadores específicos para Archaea, comumente utilizados neste tipo de estudo. Nossos resultados indicam que as comunidades de arqueias detectadas com cada par de iniciadores apresentaram grande variação filogenética, sugerindo que a escolha de iniciadores dirigidos ao gene de rRNA 16S tem efeito significativo no perfil da comunidade descrita, com diferenças tanto em relação aos táxons detectados, como nas estimativas de unidades taxonômicas operacionais (OTU).

Changes of antioxidant enzymes in the kidney after cardiac arrest in the rat model

Globally, cardiac arrest (CA) is a leading cause of death and disability. Asphyxial CA (ACA)-induced kidney damage is a crucial factor in reducing the survival rate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of antioxidant enzymes in histopathological renal damage in an ACA rat model at different time points. A total of 88 rats were divided into five groups and exposed to ACA except for the sham group. To evaluate glomerular function and oxidative stress, serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Crtn) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in renal tissues were measured. To determine histopathological damage, hematoxylin and eosin staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining, and Masson's trichrome staining were performed. Expression levels of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1), superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Survival rate of the experimental rats was reduced to 80% at 6 h, 55% at 12 h, 42.9% at 1 day, and 33% at 2 days after return of spontaneous circulation. Levels of BUN, Crtn, and MDA started to increase significantly in the early period of CA induction. Renal histopathological damage increased markedly from 6 h until two days post-CA. Additionally, expression levels of antioxidant enzymes were significantly decreased at 6 h, 12 h, 1 day, and 2 days after CA. CA-induced oxidative stress and decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-1, SOD-2, CAT, GPx) from 6 h to two days could be possible mediators of severe renal tissue damage and increased mortality rate.

Les facteurs associés aux morbi-mortalités maternelles de l'éclampsie à la maternité de Befelatanana / Factors associated with maternal eclampsia morbidity and mortality at the maternity hospital of Befelatanana

L'éclampsie est une complication neurologique majeure de la pré-éclampsie sévère, responsable d'une lourde morbidité et mortalité maternelle. L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer les facteurs associés aux morbimortalités maternelles de l'éclampsie. Patients et Méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective, transversale, descriptive et analytique ; sur une période de 36 mois, allant de Janvier 2019 à Décembre 2021, réalisée à la maternité de Befelatanana. Les paramètres cliniques et obstétricales, la prise en charge, les complications et l'évolution maternelle ont été les paramètres étudiés. Résultats : Sur 21 514 accouchements, 461 cas (2,14%) d'éclampsie ont été recensé dont 288 cas inclus dans l'étude. L'âge moyen était de 23,29±6 ans ; l'âge gestationnel était > 37 semaine d'aménorrhée dans 60,10% (n= 173) des cas et la grossesse étaient mal suivies dans 49,70% (n=143) des cas. Les complications maternelles dominées par : la détresse respiratoire aigüe sur pneumopathie d'inhalation; le coma prolongé ; une hémorragie intracérébrale et l'association à d'autres complications tel que : un HELLP syndrome, un hématome rétroplacentaire et une insuffisance rénale oligo-anurique aigue. Les facteurs associés aux décès étaient : l'existence de trouble de la conscience postcritique (p=0,026 ; OR=3,2 [1,09-9,37]), l'existence de coma prolongé ≥24h (p=10-8 ; OR=34 [11,47-100,71]), l'existence d'une insuffisance rénale aigue (p=10-4 ; OR=4,42 [2,08-9,4]) et l'association à un HELLP syndrome (p=10-8 ; OR=29,16 [12,08-70,41]). Conclusion : La morbi-mortalité de l'éclampsie reste encore très élevé à Madagascar ; une éducation de la population Malagasy doit être renforcer sur le suivi médical rapproché de la grossesse

Total rupture of Achilles tendon induces inflammatory response and glial activation on the spinal cord of mice

Rupture of Achilles tendon is a common accident affecting professional and recreational athletes. Acute and chronic pain are symptoms commonly observed in patients with rupture. However, few studies have investigated whether Achilles tendon rupture is able to promote disorders in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate nociceptive alterations and inflammatory response in the L5 lumbar segment of Balb/c mice spinal cord after Achilles tendon rupture. We found increased algesia in the paw of the ruptured group on the 7th and 14th days post-tenotomy compared with the control group. This phenomenon was accompanied by overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2) as well as hyperactivation of astrocytes and microglia in nociceptive areas of L5 spinal cord as evidenced by intense GFAP and IBA-1 immunostaining, respectively. Biochemical studies also demonstrated increased levels of nitrite in the L5 spinal cord of tenotomized animals compared with the control group. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that total rupture of the Achilles tendon induced inflammatory response and nitrergic and glial activation in the CNS in the L5 spinal cord region.

LEATHERY THERIDIIDS OF THE GENUS PHORONCIDIA (ARANEADAE: THERIDIIDAE) RECORDED FIRST TIME IN NAVSARI, GUJARAT, INDIA

A ?rst report of the genus Phoroncidia Westwood, 1835 described from Navsari district, Gujarat, India. It is distinguished from other species in this genus in having a pair of dorsal and large median posterior humps. The group of Phoroncidia is also new to Gujarat, India.

Comparative physiological and histological investigations on resistant and susceptible pomegranate genotypes infected with Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Punicae

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Xap) is a bacterial pathogen wreaking havoc in pomegranate cultivation. It causes bacterial blight disease dwindling yield and making fruit unfit for consumption. Physiological and histological investigations during host-pathogen interaction are prerequisite to assess the onset of defense mechanism in plants. Therefore, we tried to compare the pomegranate resistant (IC 318734) and highly susceptible (Ruby) genotypes challenged with Xap. The bacterial suspension containing Xap cells of 0.3 OD600 (~106 to 107CFU mL?1) was used for challenge inoculation. Uniformly grown resistant and highly susceptible plants were selected, the surface of leaves was pricked and spray-inoculated with bacterial suspension using native strain IIHR1 (NCBI Gen Bank ID: KT 222897). Simultaneously, the control plants were also sprayed with only distilled water and observed. A total of three replications with five plants per replication were maintained and evaluated under completely randomized design. Physiological investigations were recorded using Portable photosynthesis system (LCpro+, ADC BioScientific limited, UK) for one cycle of disease progression viz., 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after bacterial spray inoculation (DAI). Significant changes in gas exchange parameters were witnessed on pathogen inoculation. Higher reduction in mean percent change of photosynthetic and transpiration rate, instantaneous water use efficiency, internal CO2 content, stomatal conductance and relative water content were noticed in highly susceptible genotype than resistant one. On contrary, an increased percent mean change of intrinsic water use efficiency, carboxylation capacity and lignin was documented in resistant genotype. Relative injury caused due to bacterial infection was found high in highly susceptible genotype than resistant one. Histological investigations in highly susceptible and resistant genotype were studied on 20th day of Xap inoculation using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Highly susceptible genotype exhibited maximum deformed cells, tissues and other visible abnormalities upon Xap inoculation. Thus, this study forms a basis for effective disease management and breeding programmes in pomegranate.

Detection of pathogenic Vibrio species and antibiogram activity in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Tumpat, Kelantan

@#Some of Vibrio species is well known as pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture and the marine industry. Its infection is able to generate a massive outbreak and affect the fish population, especially for net caged fish such as seabass. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Vibrio spp. isolated from seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Sri Tujuh Lagoon, Tumpat, Kelantan. Then, to determine the antibiotic resistance in Vibrio isolates. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect Vibrio species using specific primer VR169 and VR744 with estimation base pair size band, 597 bp and further identified by sequencing. On the other hand, antibiotic susceptibility tests were continued by using 13 types of antibiotics; kanamycin (K30), chloramphenicol (C30), neomycin (N10), ampicillin (AMP10), nitrofurantoin (F300), tetracycline (TE30), streptomycin (S10), norfloxacin (NOR10), ciprofloxacin (CIP5), nalidixic acid (NA30), gentamicin (CN10), doxycycline (DO30) and sulfamethoxazole (SXT100). As a result, 14 Vibrio isolates were identified, including Vibrio fluvialis (n=6), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (n=3), Vibrio harveyi (n=2) and each isolate for Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio spp. The results showed that all isolates were sensitive to most antibiotics except ampicillin, neomycin and streptomycin. The MAR index value was ranging from 0 to 0.31. This study demonstrates the prevalence of Vibrio spp. in seabass and the report on multidrug resistance strains that could be of concern to the fish farmers. In addition, data from this study can be further used in fish disease management plans.

Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus infection in individuals with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysia: The first systematic review and meta-analysis

@#Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first herpesvirus associated to human malignancies. Despite the well-known association between EBV and malignancies, the prevalence of EBV infection in Malaysians with malignancies is unknown. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was used to conduct a systematic review and metaanalysis of published data in this study. Studies reporting the occurrence of EBV infection in Malaysian malignancy patients were searched in electronic databases like PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar without year or language constraints. The study protocol was filed in PROSPERO (CRD42021273769). A total of 21 studies were included, with 1,036 EBV infection cases among 2,078 malignancy patients. The random-effects model was used to produce summary estimates. The pooled prevalence of EBV infection in Malaysians with malignancy was 36.3% (95% CI, 20.3 – 56.2). When the prevalence estimates were stratified by malignancy type, nasopharyngeal carcinoma has the highest prevalence (90.5%), followed by lymphoma (23.4%), and gastric carcinoma (10.0%). Male patients had a higher cases prevalence and most patients were above the age of 40. In Malaysia, many malignancies are increasingly linked to EBV infection. Screening for EBV infection in malignancy patients is therefore important to determine disease recurrence and metastases.

Monitoring post-release behavioural activity of captive-bred urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) at Togh Managara Safari Park Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Monitoramento da atividade comportamental pós-liberação de urial criado em cativeiro (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) em Togh Managara Safari Park Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

The Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) is a globally threatened wild sheep species. In Pakistan the species is legally protected and bred in captivity to release into natural habitats to reinforce wild populations. Vigilance and feeding are critical to survival, though the degree to which captive-bred animals exhibit these behaviours post-release has rarely been investigated. We monitored the daily behaviours of five adult urial after release and classifying behaviours from 0600 hrs to 1800 hrs, replicating each one-hour period twice and recording four observations of each animal per hour. At the herd level, vigilance and feeding behaviours were exhibited equally. Males and females invested equal time in feeding, males were more vigilant (p = 0.001) and more aggressive (p = 0.010), and females were more restful (p = 0.019) or engaged in grooming (p = 0.044) or locomotion (p = 0.002). Females spent more time feeding than being vigilant (p = 0.002). Males maintained high levels of vigilance throughout the day. Patterns of resting 1300 hrs to 1500 hrs and feeding in early morning and late afternoon were common for both sexes. Behaviours classified as 'other' were exhibited equally between sexes. Our results reveal positive indications of captive-bred urial balancing threat detection and energy acquisition post-release and exhibiting natural behaviours and activity patterns. We encourage assessment of survivorship to evaluate long-term effectiveness of captive breeding and release as a candidate restoration programme.

O Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) é uma espécie de ovelha selvagem ameaçada globalmente. No Paquistão, a espécie é legalmente protegida e criada em cativeiro para ser liberada em habitats para reforçar as populações selvagens. Vigilância e alimentação são essenciais para a sobrevivência, embora o grau de comportamento que os animais criados em cativeiro apresenta raramente tenha sido estudado. Cinco uriais adultos foram monitorados diariamente, após a liberação os comportamentos foram classificados das 6 h às 18 h, replicando cada período de uma hora por duas vezes e registrando quatro observações de cada animal por hora. Em nível do rebanho, os comportamentos de vigilância e alimentação foram exibidos igualmente. Machos e fêmeas investiam tempo igual na alimentação, enquanto os machos eram mais vigilantes (p = 0,001) e mais agressivos (p = 0,010), as fêmeas eram mais repousantes (p = 0,019) ou mais engajadas no asseio (p = 0,044) ou na locomoção (p = 0,002). As fêmeas passam mais tempo se alimentando do que vigiando (p = 0,002). Os machos mantiveram altos níveis de vigilância ao longo do dia. Padrões de descanso de 1300 a 1500 horas e alimentação no início da manhã e no final da tarde eram comuns para ambos os sexos. Comportamentos classificados como "outros" foram exibidos igualmente entre os sexos. Os resultados revelam indicações positivas na detecção de ameaça em relação ao equilíbrio de criação urial em cativeiro e em aquisição de energia pósliberação, exibindo comportamentos naturais e padrões de atividade. Neste estudo, encorajou-se a utilização da avaliação de sobrevivência para avaliar a eficácia em longo prazo da reprodução em cativeiro e soltura como um programa de restauração dos candidatos.

Monitoring post-release behavioural activity of captive-bred urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) at Togh Managara Safari Park Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Monitoramento da atividade comportamental pós-liberação de urial criado em cativeiro (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) em Togh Managara Safari Park Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

The Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) is a globally threatened wild sheep species. In Pakistan the species is legally protected and bred in captivity to release into natural habitats to reinforce wild populations. Vigilance and feeding are critical to survival, though the degree to which captive-bred animals exhibit these behaviours post-release has rarely been investigated. We monitored the daily behaviours of five adult urial after release and classifying behaviours from 0600 hrs to 1800 hrs, replicating each one-hour period twice and recording four observations of each animal per hour. At the herd level, vigilance and feeding behaviours were exhibited equally. Males and females invested equal time in feeding, males were more vigilant (p = 0.001) and more aggressive (p = 0.010), and females were more restful (p = 0.019) or engaged in grooming (p = 0.044) or locomotion (p = 0.002). Females spent more time feeding than being vigilant (p = 0.002). Males maintained high levels of vigilance throughout the day. Patterns of resting 1300 hrs to 1500 hrs and feeding in early morning and late afternoon were common for both sexes. Behaviours classified as 'other' were exhibited equally between sexes. Our results reveal positive indications of captive-bred urial balancing threat detection and energy acquisition post-release and exhibiting natural behaviours and activity patterns. We encourage assessment of survivorship to evaluate long-term effectiveness of captive breeding and release as a candidate restoration programme.

O Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) é uma espécie de ovelha selvagem ameaçada globalmente. No Paquistão, a espécie é legalmente protegida e criada em cativeiro para ser liberada em habitats para reforçar as populações selvagens. Vigilância e alimentação são essenciais para a sobrevivência, embora o grau de comportamento que os animais criados em cativeiro apresenta raramente tenha sido estudado. Cinco uriais adultos foram monitorados diariamente, após a liberação os comportamentos foram classificados das 6 h às 18 h, replicando cada período de uma hora por duas vezes e registrando quatro observações de cada animal por hora. Em nível do rebanho, os comportamentos de vigilância e alimentação foram exibidos igualmente. Machos e fêmeas investiam tempo igual na alimentação, enquanto os machos eram mais vigilantes (p = 0,001) e mais agressivos (p = 0,010), as fêmeas eram mais repousantes (p = 0,019) ou mais engajadas no asseio (p = 0,044) ou na locomoção (p = 0,002). As fêmeas passam mais tempo se alimentando do que vigiando (p = 0,002). Os machos mantiveram altos níveis de vigilância ao longo do dia. Padrões de descanso de 1300 a 1500 horas e alimentação no início da manhã e no final da tarde eram comuns para ambos os sexos. Comportamentos classificados como "outros" foram exibidos igualmente entre os sexos. Os resultados revelam indicações positivas na detecção de ameaça em relação ao equilíbrio de criação urial em cativeiro e em aquisição de energia pós liberação, exibindo comportamentos naturais e padrões de atividade. Neste estudo, encorajou-se a utilização da avaliação de sobrevivência para avaliar a eficácia em longo prazo da reprodução em cativeiro e soltura como um programa de restauração dos candidatos.

Monitoring post-release behavioural activity of captive-bred urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) at Togh Managara Safari Park Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract The Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) is a globally threatened wild sheep species. In Pakistan the species is legally protected and bred in captivity to release into natural habitats to reinforce wild populations. Vigilance and feeding are critical to survival, though the degree to which captive-bred animals exhibit these behaviours post-release has rarely been investigated. We monitored the daily behaviours of five adult urial after release and classifying behaviours from 0600 hrs to 1800 hrs, replicating each one-hour period twice and recording four observations of each animal per hour. At the herd level, vigilance and feeding behaviours were exhibited equally. Males and females invested equal time in feeding, males were more vigilant (p = 0.001) and more aggressive (p = 0.010), and females were more restful (p = 0.019) or engaged in grooming (p = 0.044) or locomotion (p = 0.002). Females spent more time feeding than being vigilant (p = 0.002). Males maintained high levels of vigilance throughout the day. Patterns of resting 1300 hrs to 1500 hrs and feeding in early morning and late afternoon were common for both sexes. Behaviours classified as other were exhibited equally between sexes. Our results reveal positive indications of captive-bred urial balancing threat detection and energy acquisition post-release and exhibiting natural behaviours and activity patterns. We encourage assessment of survivorship to evaluate long-term effectiveness of captive breeding and release as a candidate restoration programme.

Resumo O Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) é uma espécie de ovelha selvagem ameaçada globalmente. No Paquistão, a espécie é legalmente protegida e criada em cativeiro para ser liberada em habitats para reforçar as populações selvagens. Vigilância e alimentação são essenciais para a sobrevivência, embora o grau de comportamento que os animais criados em cativeiro apresenta raramente tenha sido estudado. Cinco uriais adultos foram monitorados diariamente, após a liberação os comportamentos foram classificados das 6 h às 18 h, replicando cada período de uma hora por duas vezes e registrando quatro observações de cada animal por hora. Em nível do rebanho, os comportamentos de vigilância e alimentação foram exibidos igualmente. Machos e fêmeas investiam tempo igual na alimentação, enquanto os machos eram mais vigilantes (p = 0,001) e mais agressivos (p = 0,010), as fêmeas eram mais repousantes (p = 0,019) ou mais engajadas no asseio (p = 0,044) ou na locomoção (p = 0,002). As fêmeas passam mais tempo se alimentando do que vigiando (p = 0,002). Os machos mantiveram altos níveis de vigilância ao longo do dia. Padrões de descanso de 1300 a 1500 horas e alimentação no início da manhã e no final da tarde eram comuns para ambos os sexos. Comportamentos classificados como outros foram exibidos igualmente entre os sexos. Os resultados revelam indicações positivas na detecção de ameaça em relação ao equilíbrio de criação urial em cativeiro e em aquisição de energia pós-liberação, exibindo comportamentos naturais e padrões de atividade. Neste estudo, encorajou-se a utilização da avaliação de sobrevivência para avaliar a eficácia em longo prazo da reprodução em cativeiro e soltura como um programa de restauração dos candidatos.