ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Breast carcinoma is one of the most common neoplasms in women and is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Obesity-induced chronic inflammation promoted by adipose tissue dysfunction is a key feature, which is thought to be an important link between obesity and cancer. Oxidative stress (OS) has been suggested to play an important role in carcinogenesis. Obese women have been shown to have higher levels of OS markers. The study was performed to know the influence of obesity on OS to be replaced with OS markers in patients with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty women attending the outpatient Department of Surgical Oncology and Surgery at Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Science, Tirupati, who were clinically diagnosed and histologically confirmed with breast cancer were considered as the patients and 30 healthy women were included as controls. Malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (PCC), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) as oxidative markers along with protein thiols and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were studied as markers of antioxidant status. RESULTS: Patients with breast cancer had significantly higher levels of MDA (P = 0.005), PCC, and AOPP compared to controls (P = 0.001) and significantly lower levels of thiols and FRAP compared to controls (P = 0.001). No significant correlation was found between OS markers and indices of obesity. A significant association was found between OS markers (P = 0.005), PCC (P = 0.002), AOPP (P = 0.002), and breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with breast cancer have increased OS as evidenced by an increase in oxidant markers and a decrease in antioxidant markers. OS is not related to their adiposity but is related to the presence of breast cancer.
ABSTRACT
Mucoadhesive buccal dosage forms are becoming more popular and patient acceptable dosage forms. By this route advantages are many as the dose can be reduced, avoidance of first pass metabolism and liver toxicity, etc. The Tizanidine has first pass metabolism because of this the patient has to take more dose and two to three times in a day. To overcome this problem mucoadhesive patches of tizanidine are prepared and evaluated. Tizanidine is a non-selective, α-two adrenergic agonist receptor and used as muscle relaxant. The oral bioavailability of Tizanidine is 40%, because of first pass metabolism. The polymers used are polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrolidine. FTIR and UV spectroscopic methods reveal that there is no interaction between tizanidine and polymers. The patches evaluated for various parameters and results are satisfied. In vitro release studies in phosphate buffer (pH, 6.6) exhibited drug release in the range of 71.68 to 97.27% in 90 min. The release of tizanidine from the patches followed first order, Higuchi’s model and mechanism diffusion rate limited. In vivo buccal absorption studies in rabbits showed 68.85% of drug releases from polyvinyl alcohol patch while it 67.52 to 88.31% within 90 min in human volunteers. Good correlation among in- vitro release and in- vivo studies observed.