ABSTRACT
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis [ZCL] is an increasing health problems in many rural areas of Iran. The aim of this study was to introduce a new alternative rodenticide to control the reservoirs of ZCL, its effect on the vector density and the incidence of the disease in hyperendemic focus of Esfahan County, central Iran. The study was carried out from January 2011 to January 2012. In intervention areas, rodent control operation was conducted using zinc phosphide or Coumavec. Active case findings were done by house-to-house visits once every season during 2011-2012. To evaluate the effect of rodent control operation on the vector density, sand flies were collected twice a month using sticky traps. The reduction rate of rodent holes in intervention areas with Coumavec and zinc phosphide were 48.46% and 58.15% respectively, whereas in control area results showed 6.66 folds intensification. The Incidence of ZCL significantly reduced in the treated areas. Totally, 3200 adult sand flies were collected and identified in the intervention and control areas. In the treated area with zinc phosphide, the density of Phlebotomus papatasi was higher in outdoors in contrast with the treated area by Coumavec which the density of the sand fly was higher in indoors. Both rodenticides were effective on the incidence of ZCL and the population of the reservoirs as well. Coumavec seems to be effective on the outdoor density of the vector. This combination of rodenticide-insecticide could be a suitable alternative for zinc phosphide while bait shyness or behavioral resistance is occurred
ABSTRACT
Today, plastic surgeries are among the most popular types of surgeries worldwide, and Iran is placed as one of the tops on the list of plastic surgeries. Considering these facts, this study was designed to evaluate the volunteers' motivations, their attitudes and informational sources performed in Panzdah Khordad Educational Hospital, in Tehran, during 2005-2006. The study was conducted on a crosssectional basis. All patients undergoing plastic surgeries, and referred to this center during that time, were evaluated and necessary information was recorded. All the findings were evaluated statistically and the results were presented by descriptive and analytical statistics. 75 patients were studied in this research. The average age of the participants was 33 +/- 13 [minimum of 17 and maximum of 63 years old]. Rhinoplasty [52%] and abdominoplasty [8%], were the most and less common surgeries done. The major motivators were friends, relatives and classmates [40%] and the least important ones were magazines and journals [4%]. 10.7 percent of the participants described the posture and function of their target organs perfect, but they planned to improve it by the aesthetic surgeries. No relation was found between the motivations and type of the surgeries and educational stand, but the motivations were dependent on patients' occupation, marital status and attitude towards the target organ
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Motivation , Attitude , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
P wave dispersion [PWD] is defined as the difference between the maximum P wave duration [Pmax] and the minimum P wave duration [Pmin] in 12-leads of the surface ECG. The aim of this study was to evaluate the values of PWD during atrial fibrillation [AF] after acute myocardial infarction [AMI]. We prospectively evaluated atrial rhythms of 350 patients [251 males, 99 females] at their first AMI. The measurements included left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] and left atrial dimensions [LAD] by means of echocardiography. On admission an ECG was obtained and repeated daily during hospitalization. Fifty patients had AF after AMI. Pmax was significantly higher [140.8 +/- 18.9 ms] among patients with AF than patients without AF [106.5 +/- 17.3 ms]. This was also true about Pmin [66.4 +/- 18.3 ms vs. 57.7 +/- 15.7 ms], PWD [74.4 +/- 20.6 ms vs. 48.7 +/- 18.9 ms] and LVEF [35.2 +/- 9.4% vs. 39.3 +/- 10.9%]. Whereas, there was no significant difference between the two groups in respect to LAD [36.5 +/- 7.4 mm vs. 35.1 +/- 5.9 mm] Based on the univariate analysis results, Pmin, Pmax, PWD, LVEF and age were significant predictors of atrial fibrillation in patients with first acute myocardial infarction. However, multivariate analysis failed to disclose such independent predictors for atrial fibrillation in these patients