[Effect of CIDR, eCG and artificial insemination on conception rate and lambing rate in Zell ewes]

Use of different estrus synchronization protocols and artificial insemination methods made variations in fecundity of Iranian Zell ewes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate pregnancy and lambing rates in Zell breed ewes following diverse progesterone treatment durations, eCG treatment doses and artificial insemination by transvaginal and/or laparoscopy methods. 180 cyclic, multiparous Iranian Zell ewes 45.5 +/- 2.5kg, were used in this experiment. The ewes were allocated randomly to 3 different groups [n = 60]. Estrus was synchronized using CIDR for 10 [A group], 12 [B group] and 14 [C group] days. At CIDR removal time, the ewes in each group was assigned into 3 subgroups [n = 20 and received eCG [0, 400 and 500 IU], respectively. 54 hours after CIDR removal, the ewes in each subgroup was randomly divided into 2 equal groups [n=10] and inseminated by transvaginal and laparoscopy, respectively. While combination of eCG treatment and CIDR removal increased pregnancy rate in all groups, the number of estrus have been augmented only in A and B groups. The artificial insemination by laparoscopy method made higher pregnancy and lambing rate compared to transvaginal technique. 500 IU eCG administration simultaneous with CIDR removal and artificial insemination by laparoscopy exhibited the best performance for pregnancy and lambing rate in Iranian Zell ewes

[Effect of progressive muscle relaxation program on self-efficacy and quality of life in caregivers of patients with multiple sclerosis]

MS is a disease of the central nervous system affecting all economic, financial, social, and emotional aspects of individual, family, and community. Performing continuous care leads to chronic stress in caregivers of patients and this in turn threatens their self-efficacy and quality of life. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on self-efficacy and quality of life in caregivers of patients with multiple sclerosis. This was a controlled clinical trial in which 70 family caregivers of MS patients were investigated. The study population was divided into two age- and sex-matched case and control groups. Progressive muscle relaxation techniques were employed for the case group for three months [90 sessions] and its application was followed using a self-report checklist. After three months, self-efficacy and quality of life questionnaires were re-filled by members of both groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive and presumption statistical tests while a p /= 0.05]. Several interventions such as progressive muscle relaxation program with low cost, good safety and effect can help reduce the stress of family caregivers of patients in particular those with chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and thus leading to an increase in their self-efficacy, care quality, and quality of life

[ effect of family centered empowerment model on the quality of life in elderly people]

The proportion of older adults in the population continues to grow in the developing countries. In addition, in elderly persons decrease quality of life in geriatric because of several factors, such as, low physical activity and impairment in mobility. This study was performed to assess the effect of family centered empowerment model on the quality of life in charmahalobakhtiari elderly people This quasi-experimental study was conducted older adults in 2007-2008. In this study 60 elderly persons were randomly [Stratified Sampling] divided into two groups; experimental [30] and control [30]. Family centered empowerment model was administrated to the individual of experimental group for 3months; subsequently using SF-36 questionnaire, the level of quality of life was measured in the two groups at the beginning and the end of the study. The data was analyzed by using chi-square and nonparametric tests. quality of life score mean in contro group was 41.71. pair test analysis showed that by Using family centered empowerment model, mean of level of quality of life[75.46] in different were increase statically significant [p<0.01], whereas in the control group, these parameters, were unchanged. Our study results showed that using a family centered empowerment model can increase the level of quality of life in older adult in different dimension

[ influential factors on burnout among nurses working in private hospitals in Tehran]

Nursing burnout is a syndrome, causing negative self image, negative attitude toward job and disrupted communication with the clients, could lead to a severe decline of healthcare qualities. Healthcare sectors are among the most important fields of stable development in any human society, which need healthy, enthused and motivated practitioners. Nursing staffs in private sectors encounter with numerous problems and job stress in their working environments which can result their burnout. The aim of present study was to identify the influential factors on burnout in nurses of private hospitals in Tehran. The study was carried out using a descriptive-analytic method. 505 nurses were participated in the study from different private hospitals in Tehran including Toos, Pastor no, Laleh, Tehran clinic and Kasra hospitals. Data were gathered through the questionnaires containing demographic information, scale of nursing burnout's factors and Maslach nursing burnout. Data was analyzed using SPSS package. The participants reported their high emotional exhaustion [6.36%], high depersonalization [1.81%] and feeling low competent [23.63%]. The most important factor contributing in nurses' burnout in assessed private sectors was the inappropriateness between the income and the workload and its difficulties. Considering the results and the importance of nursing job, attempts to reduce nurses' problems such as financial, social and managerial problems is important. The authorities should support nurses by preparing an appropriate environmental, personnel and management conditions

[Validity of teeth width measurements on conventional versus 3D models]

For proper diagnosis of orthodontic problems of a patient, different measurements and analysis should be performed on dental cast. In recent years, due to introduction of paperless offices, 3D reconstruction methods and softwares are available in order to build virtual dental casts and measurements on them. The purpose of the present study was to compare the validity of teeth width measurements on conventional versus 3D models. In this diagnosis study, twenty set-ups of upper and lower casts using artificial teeth corresponding to various malocclusions were created. Impressions were taken of them providing 20 plaster models. The plaster models were scanned by laser surface scanner and the crown widths measured by its software. The gold standard was the teeth width measured by caliper before setting up the teeth. The mesiodistal crown width was also measured on casts as conventional method. The crown width was compared between the three methods by F test, ICC and Dahlberg formula. Coefficient of validity between measurements by 3D scanning and gold standard in overall teeth measurements [premolar to premolar] was 0.914. The mean difference between laser scanning method and gold standard was 1.7 mm and between conventional method and gold was 0.34 mm. In most of the measurements, the difference between mesiodistal crown width belonged to canines. The accuracy of laser surface scanning system was clinically acceptable and in the range of similar studies, but these is not enough for research purposes and it should be improved. In reference to advantages of computerized methods in near future, these methods will be the clinical standard for orthodontic diagnosis

effect of progressive muscle relaxation program [PMR] on anxiety of patients undergoing coronary heart angiography

Coronary heart disease is major cause of death in the world. One of the diagnostic tests for coronary patients is catheterization which leads to stress and anxiety in most patients. Progressive muscle relaxation program [PMR] is no drug interventions to reduce anxiety in patients. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of PMR on anxiety of patients undergoing for coronary artery angiography. This pre-post semi-experimental research was performed on 146 patients referred to the Shahid Rajaei heart hospital in Tehran for angiography. Progressive muscle relaxation program was prepared on a CD and was delivered to the patients. The anxiety was evaluated using a questionnaire before and after starting the program. Data were analyzed by using statistical tests, such as Chi-square and paired-t tests. No significant statistical relation was seen between age, marital status and history of disease with anxiety agents [P>0.05]. Demographic characteristics of patients showed a significant statistical relation between educational status, economic status and occupational status and history of admission to hospital with anxiety agents [P<0.05]. Paired-T test showed a significant relation between anxiety in coronary heart patients before and after starting PMR program [P<0.05]. Results of this study demonstrate a positive effect of PMR study on reducing anxiety in patients undergoing coronary heart angiography. Because of this positive effect of PMR, using this method is recommended to control anxiety in similar patients

effect of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and stress in nursing students at the beginning of the internship program

Anxiety is a complicated process appearing from low to high which may reduce the learning ability. It is common among nurses as they struggle to cope with increasingly complicated stressors such as examinations, article preparation and practical experiences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of muscle relaxation on reduction of anxiety in nursing students before starting the internship program. In this study, 40 nursing students who were going to start their internship program were randomly divided into two equal groups. Before starting the internship program, all students were asked to fill a questionnaire [Spielberger Test Anxiety] to measure their anxiety. In addition, physiological parameters [blood pressure, pulse, respiration, temperature] were collected before and after the study in both groups. During a 45-min session, muscle relaxation training was given to the test group. Muscle relaxation practice was continued three times per day for two weeks. Two weeks after starting the internship, Spiel Berger Test Anxiety and physiological parameters were collected again in both groups. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and t tests. The average age of the students in both groups was 22.7 +/- 2 [range=21 to 25 years] and the majority of the students were female [75%]. No significant difference was observed between two groups for willingness to the nursing profession, birth rank and the average scores of the students from the previous years. The average anxiety score in control group before and after the study was 27.5 +/- 10.2 and 28.3 +/- 8.8 respectively [P > 0.05]. Average anxiety score in test group before and after the study was 25.4 +/- 19.5 and 29.2 +/- 14.1 respectively [P < 0.05]. To alleviate stressors associated with practical practice and create a healthy work environment for practice, it is recommended that nursing students have some progressive muscle relaxation before entering practical environments

Removal of chrome and nickel from sewages-polluted water sources by using oak fruit

With respect to an increasing growth in city population and also an annual increase in the per capita consumption in the societies, particularly in the dry and semi-dry countries, the opportunity to use surface water sources to provide drinking water for the cities has decreased. In a such way, in 2001 more than 70 percent of the drinking water for the population of Tehran had been provided by underground water sources due to a decrease in the water reservoirs of Latian, Karag and Lar dam. The figure shows an increase for other cities of Iran as well. On the other hand, due to discharging industrial sewages with chrome and nickel contents in the absorptive wells and the penetration potentials of these compounds into underground waters, and with respect to the potential of these substances to accumulate in different tissues of the body and their sarcoma-generation characteristics as proved through various researches a strong need is felt to render a careful control on these sources. In this research, the plan is to omit and remove chrome and nickel from the sewage polluted underground water sources by using the essence of oak tree fruit for their condensed tannic acid, hydrolysable tannic acid, gaelic acid and Eeagic acid contents. First 60 water samples with a given amount of chrome and nickel contents were prepared and divided into 12 different groups with 5 concentration and environmental conditions. The experimental and non-probable sampling were applied sample taking and the counter effects of Tannin essence. Calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide were studied both in separated and simultaneous forms. With respect to the given initial concentration, the amount of remaining concentration was determined by flame application at the atomic absorption device. Among the measured specimen, 50 mg/1 of concentration of calcium hydroxide or 50 mg/1 of concentration of sodium hydroxide along with 50 mg/1 tannin-content essence with 80 to 86 percent output proved to render best conditions in omitting chrome and nickel from reaction environment. The results were evaluated through bi-factors variance analysis with one repletion in each box tests to ensure the accuracy and care rendered in performing the test. The results showed that simultaneous application of two chilling factors found in calcium hydroxide and tannin essence show significant differences as compared with other methods and also it was proved that the tannin content essence in an alkaline environment forms a full set of [OH] branches that are bound with chrome and nickel ions in the reaction environmental and due to the large size of tannin molecules and their saturation with the existing cations, they form a flocc mass that immediately deposits for its heavy weight. Also the essence in the tannin is able to take the mentioned ions form the reaction environment both in low and large concentrates and the ions concentrations have no significant differences in omission output