ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disorders are responsible of nearly fifty percent of deaths in industrial and developing countries. However numerous studies have revealed considerable differences in distribution of cardiovascular risk factors at the national, regional and ethnic levels. There is a necessity to elucidate the status of all recognized risk factors in any population to attribute these differences in the incidence of cardiovascular events to the changes in some risk factors or natural history of the disease in that society. The study of cardiovascular risk factors in the 17th zone of Tehran is performed according to the model of MONICA project of WHO. In this project the trend of cardiovascular events and their association with changes in risk factors is monitored in more than twenty countries and 35 centers. In this article we describe some aspects of the statistical design and sampling procedure of our aformentioned study such as sampling framework, sampling methods and its rationale, best size of clusters, sample size and sample selection in each cluster
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Urbanization, establishment of sedentary life style and unhealthy diet in association with environmental stress has led the cardiovascular risk factors to prevail in the metropolitan city of Tehran. Survey of lifestyle related cardiovascular risk factors is one of the priorities of Tehran university population laboratory in the 17th zone of Tehran
Methods:1573 inhabitants of 17th zone of Tehran were recruited by one stage cluster random sampling according to the model of WHO MONICA project
Results: 58.6% of men and 64% of women had BMI >/= 25 kg/m2. 41.7% of men and 37.6% of women had hypertension. 8.9% of men and 12.2% of women had diabetes. 34.4% of men and 44.6% of women had total cholesterol >/= 200 mg/dl. 34.1% of men and 32.6% of women had triglyceride >/= 200 mg/dl. 34.7% of men and 4.2% of women were regular smokers. 21% of participants had positive family history of cardiovascular disorders
Conclusion: the prevalence of hypertension in this region is high, that of dyslipidemia relatively lower than the other studies performed in Iran. The prevalence of Diabetes and overweight /obesity is high and comparable to other Iranian studies. It seems that the population of this zone is at high risk for stroke and then coronary heart disease. This fact must be considered in the future interventional programs to control cardiovascular risk factors in the region
ABSTRACT
Introduction: hypertension is the most important modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Hypertension is the leading global risk factor for mortality and as the third leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease burden. This survey has been conducted to determine the prevalence of hypertension among the inhabitants of 25-64 aged in 17th zone of Tehran, selected as Population Lab Region
Methods: in a population-based cross-sectional survey conducted based on MONICA/WHO project, blood pressure measured with standard sphygmomanometer in sitting position after 10 minutes of resting in 1573 people. Blood samples collected in Venoject tubes for laboratory evaluation. Analysis was performed using the more conservative threshold of SBP >/= 160 mm Hg and/or DBP>/= 95 mm Hg according to the criteria of the World Health Organization [WHO]
Results: a total of 1573 persons [615 men and 958 women] were evaluated. Hypertension prevalence [SBP>/=160 or DBP>/=95 or using antihypertensive drugs] was 29% in men and 34.8 in women. There was a significant correlation between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and BMI [p<0/0001]. 58% of men and 55.8% of women with hypertension were obese [35>BMI>27].The mean of systolic and diastolic blood pressure had meaningful correlation with cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TG and homocysteine
Conclusion: these results revealed that the prevalence of hypertension among this population was greater than supposed. The hypertension trend from 1992 is rising. Obesity is one of the most important associated risk factors of hypertension. High prevalence of other cardiovascular risk factors is a matter of concern to this population
ABSTRACT
Background: diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. The number of diabetic patients in Iran is estimated 1.5 million. This survey has been conducted to evaluate diabetes and impaired fasting glucose status among 25-64 aged inhabitants of 17th zone of Tehran, selected as Population Lab region
Methods: this study is a part of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Survey in the Population Lab region. This survey has been designed and conducted based on MONICA/WHO project. A total of 1573 people have been recruited and assessed on age, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences. Body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC] and waist-to-hip ratio [WHR] were determined for comparing between groups. The known diabetic cases were found as history of taking antihyperglycemic agents or report of their family physician and new cases were diagnosed as FPG>/=126mg/dl according to the ADA 2004criteria.IFG was determined by 100
Results: type 2 diabetes prevalence was 10.9% and the prevalence of IFG was 5% in this population. The age adjusted prevalences were 9.3% and 4.5% respectively. prevalences were higher in women than men in all age groups. people with diabetes had higher body mass index, waist, waist to hip ratio, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure[p<0.05].9/8% of diabetic patients were unaware of their disease
Conclusion: these results revealed that the prevalence of diabetes among women was higher than men. This finding may be in part because of little physical activity .Proper and effective planning to achieve the applied strategies for improving the social knowledge and awareness and also improving the life style of the people is highly necessitated
ABSTRACT
Background: obesity and overweight, as the most common metabolic disorders, are great health problem during recent decades. Obesity takes a role as independent or concordant risk factor for many diseases. So, it has a considerable share in burden of morbidities and mortalities. Urbanization and its consequences in increasing of incomes and per capita energy uptake, besides the notable reduction in physical activities are the main causes of increased rates of obesity in developing countries. This survey has been conducted to evaluate the obesity and overweight status and their pattern among the inhabitants of 25-64 aged in 17th zone of Tehran, selected as Population Lab region
Methods: this study is a part of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Survey in the Population Lab region. This survey has been designed and conducted based on MONICA/WHO project. A total of 1573 people have been recruited and assessed on age, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences. Body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC] and waist-to-hip ratio [WHR] were determined for comparing between groups
Results: there was a significant difference in mean BMI between two sexes [26.13 kg/m2 in men vs. 28.86 kg/m2 in women]. As well, WC and WHR were diverse between men and women [WC: 91.70 cm vs. 89.15 cm WHR: 0.91 vs. 0.85, respectively]. Obesity prevalence was 18.6% among men and 38.3% among women. Prevalence of high WC and abnormal WHR were higher among women than men
Conclusion: these results revealed that prevalence of obesity among adults was very high. The prevalence in women was more than two times than in men. This finding may be in part because of little physical activity and high proportions of carbohydrates intake instead of protein in daily energy uptake and also because of physiological differences among women. Proper and effective planning to achieve applied strategies for improving the social knowledge and awareness and also improving the life style and nutrition status of the people is highly necessitated
ABSTRACT
Introduction: elevated plasma total homocysteine is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a sensitive marker of vitamin B12 and folate insufficiency. Folate and vitamin B12 have a protective effect on cardiovascular disease. This effect may be partly explained by mechanisms independent of homocysteine. This survey is the first population based study to evaluate the plasma total homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 in 1214 healthy Iranian persons
Methods: this study which was a part of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Survey in the Population Lab region, has been designed and conducted based on MONICA/WHO project. A total of 1214 people have been recruited and assessed on serum homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 with interview, questionnaires, examination and blood sampling. Blood samples were gathered in Venoject tubes and analyzed according to standard methods
Results: the variables were assessed in 1214 participants include 428 men [35.3%] and 786 women [64.7%]. Prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was 96.4% in men and 83.3% in women [p<0.0001]. Geometric mean of serum homocysteine was 19.02 +/- 1.46 [micro]mol/l in men and 14.05+/- 1.45 [micro]mol/l in women [p<0.004] and increased with age. Folic acid deficiency was seen in 527 [98.9%] men and 833 women [98.0%]. 161 [30.1%]men and 232[27.2%] women had vitamin B12 deficiency
Conclusion: these results revealed that the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia, folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency was higher than other communities considerably. Preventive interventions as food fortification with folic acid is necessary