ABSTRACT
@#In 2015, Indonesia was ranked as the second-highest, with a percentage of 12.9%. Open Defecation Free (ODF) in Indonesia is still a problem, 33 out of 34 provinces in Indonesia are still not 100% verified as ODF. The purpose of this study is to make a management control of OD behaviour in Indonesia. This study’s literature was collected using Google Scholar and Pubmed search engines by entering keywords open defecation Indonesia, and buang air besar sembarangan. From review of published literature, it is found that several factors cause people to practice OD, namely environmental, socio-cultural, and economic factors. These factors become the basis for making OD model control with a logic model. The program was made with a button-up approach carried out through several activities, namely approaches to community leaders, youth, and local communities, monitoring potential areas for OD practice and cross-sector coordination, and making regional regulations.
ABSTRACT
@#Organochlorine organic pesticides used on a large scale still pose a great health hazard to humans and animals. Organochlorine pesticides contribute to reduced disease, higher yields and increased production. This research was to review various articles on management of organochlorine exposure and health risks. This research used multiple search engines (Scholar, PubMed). A few significant keywords were chosen to discover considers that fit this theme. Organochlorine as Persistent Organic Pollutants are difficult to remove from the environment. There are several health-causing effects of organochlorine most of which are chronic diseases (i.e., pulmonary function, cancer, reproductive issue). Organochlorine control in the environment is needed to reduce health effects, especially in farming communities, personal protective equipment including masks and gloves is also necessary. Local government may also promote and doing a prevention program from the danger of the use of pesticides in agriculture.
ABSTRACT
@#Introduction: Indonesia is one of the countries whose inhabitants use well water for drinking and cooking purposes. In East Java, 48.90% of the population uses well water for their daily needs. Well water contained heavy metals had bad effects on health such as cancer, damage of liver, kidneys, and others. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals in well water and relate them to a potential health outcomes. Methods: The method used in this study was analytical descriptive. Data used was secondary from East Java Environmental Office. A total of 101 samples were collected from 33 locations. There were 5 heavy metals analyzed, namely cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, and zinc. Equipment using ICPMS and AAS. Data analyzed with descriptive statistics by SPSS. Data obtained were compared to the WHO Standard for Drinking Water Quality. Results: Concentration for cadmium was 0.002 mg/l, followed by manganese at 1.80 mg/l and zinc at 0.020 mg/l. Besides, all water samples had levels of chromium and lead below the detection limit. Conclusion: All heavy metals had concentrations below the maximum allowable standard, except for five water samples from three locations with levels of manganese which was above the maximum standard. Long term effects of manganese include neurological problems, intelligence, and low birth weight. Further studies need to be done to determine the source of manganese contamination. It is recommended that bottled water is used for drinking purposes in an area where heavy metal concentration is above the allowable limit.
ABSTRACT
@#Introduction: Stunting is a short or very short body state that exceeds -2 SD (Standard Deviation) below the median length based on height by age. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the availability of toilets meeting the requirements and habits of washing hands with soap on the incidence of stunting in children aged 2459 months in Bugis Village in Tanjung Pinang City. Method: This study was observational with a cross-sectional approach. The procedure of data analysis was done by quantitative analysis. Large sample of 82 children aged 24-59 months.. The sampling technique uses simple random sampling. Data collection uses observation and interviews. Statistical tests using the test Chi-square. Results: the study showed that there is an association between stunting in children and the availability of toilets meeting hygiene requirements (p-value= 0.016) and handwashing habit with soap (p-value= 0.013). Conclusion: the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-59 months in Bugis Village Tanjungpinang City is influenced by the availability of qualified toilets in each house and the habit of washing hands with soap.