Frequency of antibiotic resistance patterns in bacteria isolated from children

Bacterial infectioins in particular meningitis, pneumonia and septicemia are still some of the most causes of mortalities in children.The aim of present study was to identify the most common bacterial agents causing infectionis in children under 14 and detection of antibiotic resistance paterns. During two years, 1897samples were obtained from the patients suspected bacterial infectioins. They were investigated for bacterial cultures, age, sex and antibiogram patterns. The species were identified by biochemical and serological methods. Of 1897 samples, 563 [29.6%] had positve bacterial culture. Of these 74.7% were gram negative and 25.3% gram positive. The most common species were Escherichia coti [34.l%], Staphylococcus aureus [17.1%], Psuedomonas aeroginosa [12.4%], Kelebsiella [11%] and Staphylococcus epidermidis [5.7%]. The most effective antibiotics against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria were ceftriaoxne, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, amikacin and gentamycin. The gram negative bacteria in particular Escherichia coli, Psuedomonas aeroginosa and Kelebsiella are the predominant causes of bacterial infections in children under 14 in these regions. Most species showed a high relative resistance to routine antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim and chloramphenicol

[Bacterial infection of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in Hamadan and Boroujerd slaughterhouses]

Hydatid cyst, the larval stage or metacestode of Echinococcosis, is an infection caused by cestode species of the genus Echinococcus and often localized in viscera of animals and humans. Hydatid cyst is typically filled with a clear fluid [hydatid fluid] that is sterile bacteriologically. Bacterial infection of hydatid fluid is sometimes present, but not always, and this leads to sterilizing the cyst and prevents producing protoscoleces. In this study the bacterial infection rate of animal's hydatid cyst in Hamadan and Boroujerd slaughterhouses were compared. Referring to Hamadan and Boroujerd slaughterhouses a total of 5709 livestock were inspected for the presence of hydatid cysts. In infected livestock, cyst number, size [diameter], type, and fertility or infertility on the basis of protoscolex presence, and bacterial infection status were determined and recorded. The hydatid fluid of all the collected cysts was cultured separately for isolation and identification of bacterium. Hydatid cysts were found in 6.5% of the animals in Hamadan and in 7% of the animals in Boroujerd. In Hamadan slaughterhouse, only 20% of cysts were fertile and the rest were infertile; however, in Boroujerd slaughterhouse, 32% of the cysts were fertile. The isolated bacteria in infected cysts in Hamadan were as below: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Staphylococci beta-hemolytic and non hemolytic, Pseudomonas and Edwardsiella. The most common bacteria in Hamadan were E. coli [23.94%] and Klebsiella [22.5%], and in Boroujerd E. coli [35.7%] and Klebsiella [42.8%]. In Boroujerd the rates were 93% and 7% respectively. This study indicated that the infection rate of hydatid cysts was not statistically significant in the two regions of Hamadan and Boroujerd. A high percentage of cysts in both regions were infected bacteriologically

Frequency of typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonella species and detection of their drugs resistance patterns

To determine the prevalence of typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella species in Hamadan City, west of Iarn and detection of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates. In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 296 Salmonella species including 192 strains of typhoidal Salmonella and 104 strains of non- typhoidal Salmonella were examined for serotyping and determining of antibiotic susceptibility. The strains were collected from patients referred to cilinical centers in Hamadan during 2001 to 2004. They were serotyped and then tested for their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, using Stokes disc diffusion method for 8 antibiotics. Among 296 samples, 64.8% were typhoidal and 35.2% were non-typhoidal Salmonella species. Typhoidal Salmonella species were as follows: S. typhi 45.6%, S. paratyphi B 8.1%, S. paratyphi C 7.1% and S. paratyphi a 4.7%. Non-typhoidal Salmonella species were as follows: S.typhimurium 21.2%, S.enteritidis 4.4%, S. species 2.1%, S. cholerasuis 1.7%, S. arizona 1.3%, S. agona 1.1%, S. thompson 0.7%, S.muenchen, S.lexington and S. hirschfeldii 0.35%. A proportion of strains [>60%] were resistance to cefotaxime and ampicillin. Resistance to ciprofloxacin and amikacin was very low [<15%]. S.typhimurim [100%], S. typhi [95.7%] S. paratyphi B [89.2%] and S. enteitidis [60%] showed multi-drug resistance. S. typhi and S. typhimurium were the most predominant serotypes in this area. Most of the Salmonella species isolated from patients were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and co-trimoxazole, whereas, most of them were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and amikacin. As the prevalence of multidrug-resistant serovar Typhi increases, newer, more expensive, and less readily available antimicrobial agents will be required for the treatment of typhoid

Epidemiologic pattern of vaginal colonization by group B streptococcus in pregnant women in Hamadan, central west of Iran

Group B Streptococcus [GBS] is a leading cause of serious neonatal infections. Although great progress has been made in preventing prenatal GBS, its colonization rate in different regions of Iran remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the colonization rate of GBS in pregnant women in Hamadan city, Central west of Iran. A group of 544 pregnant women were randomly selected after 20 weeks gestation. Vaginal specimens were examined by Gram staining and culture methods and GBS was identified using bacteriologic criteria. Of these cases, 145 [26.7%] were colonized by GBS. A significant relationship was found between the career of subjects and the related colonization rate. Parity, gestational age, and the number of children were unrelated to GBS colonization. The results are indicating that the relatively high colonization rate of GBS in pregnant women living in Central west of Iran, warrants a routine screening and prophylactic treatment of the infected women

[Evaluation of efficacy of the current disinfectants on staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas aeroginosa isolated from hospitals of Hamadan in 2006]

Choosing the effective disinfectants and using the standard methods of sterilization in hospitals, can be useful in decreasing nosocomial infections. The aims of this study were the evaluation of efficacy of disinfectants being used in surgical rooms, ICU, CCU, burn wards and delivery rooms of Hamedan hospitals and also determination of bacterial contamination. In this study 400 samples were collected from different parts of operation rooms, ICU, CCU and delivery rooms of four hospitals [Mobasher Kashani, Imam Khomainy, Ekbatan and Fatemieh] in 2006. The samples were cultured on blood agar, then the microbial agents were identified by differential and biochemical tests. Disinfectants that were used were as follow: Cidex [Glutaraldeyde], Sodium hypochlorite, Kereoeline 2.5%, Hygiene 1%, Betadine, Alcohol 70%, Savlone 3.2%, Chlorohexidine 1%. The efficacy of disinfectants was evaluated on 60 Staphylococcus epidermidis and 60 Pseudomonas aeroginosa through disk diffusion method. Data were gathered through a questionnaire and analysed using T-test and SPSS software. Contamination tests in the four hospital were positive in 44.5% of cultures [178 cultures]. The highest frequency of contamination was in Mobasher hospital with 38.2% and the less frequency was in Fatemieh hospital with 13.5%. From 400 samples, 52.2% of isolates were gram-positive bacteria and 47.7% were gram-negative bacteria. The most important bacteria isolated were as follow: E.coli, Staphylococcus epidemidis, Micrococci, Bacillus subtili and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. The most effective disinfectants on 60 Staphylococcus epidemidis were as follow: Cidex, Sodium Hypochlorite and Kereoeline and the least effective disinfectants and antiseptics was Alcohol 70%. The most effective disinfectants on 60 Pseudomonas aeroginosa were as follow: Cidex and Kereoeline and the least effective disinfectants and antiseptics were Alcohol 70% and Savlone. Results showed that kereoline and cidex were among the most effective disinfectants, and there is not a significant difference between their effects on staphylococcus epidermidis [P=0.469] and on pseudomonas aeroginosa [P=0.053]. The efficacy of other disinfectants on two mentioned bacteria were different and significant differences were found

Determining the frequency of the bacterial agents in urinary tract infection in hospitalized patients under 18 years old in Ekbatan Hospital

Urinary tract infection [UTI] is the most common urogenital disease and the second common infectious disease in childhood. Appropriate, adequate and on time treatment result in cure and prevention of renal scar. The aim of this study is determining the frequency of the bacterial agents in urinary tract infection in patients [age < 18 y] and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. This study was a retrospective cross sectional [Discriptive - Analytic] study that included all of the recorded urine culture and antibiograms in Ekbatan Medical center in 2004 - 2005. 156 patients including girls [74.7%] and boys [25.6%] with positive urine culture and antibiograms were studied. The most common age group in boys was 1-24m and 6-18y [40%],and in girls 1-24m [34.5%]. The most sensitive antibiotics were Nitrofurantoin, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic Acid, Ceftizoxime, Co-Trimoxazole, Ceftriaxone and Tobramycin, respectively. The most resistant antibiotics were Ampicillin and Tetracycline. This study suggests that useful antibiotics in different situation such as : Nitrofurantoin, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic Acid, Ceftizoxime, Co-Trimoxazole, Ceftriaxone and Tobramycin

[Determining the frequency of the bacterial agents in urinary tract infection in hospitalized patients under 18 years old in Ekbatan Hospital]

Background: Urinary tract infections [UTI] is the most common urogenital disease and the second common infectious disease in childhood. Appropriate, adequate and on time treatment result in cure and prevention of renal scar. The aim of this study is determining the frequency of the bacterial agents in urinary tract infection in patients [age < 18 y] and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern

Materials and methods: This study was a retrospective cross sectional [Descriptive -Analytic] study that included all of the recorded urine culture and antibiograms in Ekbatan Medical center in 2004 - 2005

Results: 1 56 patients including girls [74.7%] and boys [25.6%] with positive urine culture and antibiograms were studied. The most common age group in boys was 1-24m and 6-18y [40%], and in girls 1-24m [34.5%]. The most sensitive antibiotics were Nitrofurantion, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic Acid, Ceftizoxime, Co-Trimoxazole, Ceftriaxone and Tobramycin, respectively. The most resistant antibiotics were Ampicilline and Tetracycline

Conclusions: This study suggests that useful antibiotics in different situation such as: Nitrofurantion, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic Acid, Ceftizoxime, Co-Trimoxazole, Ceftriaxone and Tobramycin