Prevalence of the Non-Communicable disease triad in hilly state of Uttarakhand: Evidences from National Family Health Surveys

India is facing epidemiological transition towards non communicable diseases and morbidities due to NCD triad of obesity, hypertension and diabetes. The risk factors contributing to chronic disease and NCD triad are lifestyle changes, poor dietary habits, lack of physical activity, tobacco/alcohol consumption. These risk factors are however modifiable and preventable. This article reviews secondary data of NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 to analyse trends of obesity, hypertension and diabetes among urban and rural population of Uttarakhand from 2015 to 2021.

Perception of pain and discomfort from elastomeric separators in Saudi adolescents

To examine the patient's perception of pain and discomfort following the placement of elastomeric separators in Saudi adolescents. The study was conducted on 38 adolescent patients who received fixed orthodontic treatment. The data was collected through the use of a self-administrated questionnaire that was distributed to the patients by one investigator in a non-clinical setting. The evaluation of pain started from the fourth hour after placement of elastomeric separators, and continued until the fifth day. The data showed that after 4 hours from separator placement, 94.7% of patients reported pain. There was a daily decrease in these percentages starting from the third day. The type of pain during the first 2 days was continuous, then continued to be intermittent pain. Most of the patients reported pain during eating and chewing, changed their food habit, and used analgesics. No statistical differences were observed between male and female patients in pain perception, type of pain, analgesic consumption, and influences on chewing and food consistency. The pain associated with orthodontic separation starts and peaks within 4-48 hours from separator placement, then starts to decline to reach the lowest level on fifth day

Emperical Oral Antibiotic Therapy for Children with Low Risk Febrile Neutropenia during Cancer Chemotherapy.

Introduction: In patient with fever and neutropenia during cancer chemotherapy who have a low risk of complications, oral antibiotic may be an acceptable alternative to intravenous antibiotics. Methods: We conducted a prospective hospital based study to the patients who had fever and neutropenia during caner chemotherapy. Only low risk patients i.e. neutropenia of less than seven days, ANC >250/cmm, without any signs of shock were included in the study. All the patients were hospitalized and given oral antibiotics Ofloxacin and Amoxy-Clav and were closely observed until fever subsided for more than 48 hours and improved from neutropenia. Results: A total of 54 cases were enrolled in the study. Out of 54 patients two patients were lost, 8 needed IV antibiotics for different reasons and 44 patients (81%) improved well with oral antibiotics only. Conclusion: In hospitalized low risk patients who have fever and neutropenia, empirical therapy with oral ofloxacin and amoxy-clav may be a safe alternative to IV antibiotics.

Congenital malformations of the central nervous system at Al-Mansour pediatric teaching hospital, Baghdad, Iraq

To analyze the pattern of congenital malformations of the central nervous system seen in Al-Mansour Pediatric Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq between 2000 and 2002. Seventy patients from two groups were followed. The first consisted of newborn babies admitted to the neonatal care unit of our hospital which is attached to the obstetric department of Medical City Hospital; the second group included infants below six months of age referred to our hospital for evaluation of developmental delay. The patients were evaluated employing clinical and brain CT scan findings for diagnosis. Neural tube defect was the commonest anomaly of the CNS seen in newborn babies, while congenital hydrocephalus was most common in the group referred for evaluation later. Improvements in awareness of the need for proper diet during pregnancy and early referral of infants for definitive diagnosis and therapy are important goals in our region

Surgical physiology of wound healing: a review.

The healing of wounds caused by accident, assault, welfare and surgical operations has always been a central consideration in surgical practice because any breach in continuity of skin or mucous membrane exposes the deeper tissues to the danger of infections. The understanding of the mechanism of wound healing has increased dramatically during last few years. Today wound healing abnormalities are among the greatest causes of disability and deformity. "I dressed the wound, God healed it" (Ambroise Pare) wound healing involves multiple complicated events. It is the amount and quality of scar tissue and ultimately its remodelling that is of greater importance. The understanding of this process of wound healing and factors affecting it forms the basis of any surgical procedure.

Epithelioid granulomas in Hodgkin's disease--prognostic significance.

Prognostic significance of non-caseating epithelioid granulomas in association with Hodgkin's disease has been studied. Such granulomas were found in 15 of the total of 104 cases of Hodgkin's disease encountered between Jan. 1981 and June 1990. These 15 patients were compared with 30 concurrent patients of Hodgkin's disease who did not have associated granulomas. All the patients were initially staged, treated and followed up for a period of two years. There was no significant difference in overall survival rate between the granuloma group and the control group. However, in relapse free survival rate in advanced stages of the disease (III & IV), although the difference between granuloma group and the control group was not statistically significant (p = 0.11), yet the relapse free survival curves revealed a tendency towards better survival with lesser number of relapses and longer remissions in granuloma group.

Bone marrow involvement in Hodgkin's disease -- clinicopathological study of seven cases.

Bone marrow involvement was observed in 7 cases amongst a total of 75 cases of Hodgkin's disease encountered between January 1981 and June 1990; thus representing an incidence of 9.3 percent. Analysis of these 7 cases showed male preponderance. The age ranged from 26 to 74 years. All patients presented within seven months of onset of symptoms; and all had symptoms at presentation. Lymphadenopathy was found in all the cases, splenomegaly was present in six; and hepatomegaly in 4 cases. Mixed cellularity and lymphocytic depletion subtypes showed the highest frequency of marrow involvement (6 cases; 85.7 percent). Alkaline phosphatase was raised in 6 cases (85.7%). All cases received standard combination chemotherapy with or without local radiation therapy. Two years follow-up revealed an overall survival of 42.9%. Replace free survival at the end of two years was zero, as all the cases relapsed within seven months of initiation of treatment.

Hodgkin's disease: a clinicopathologic study.

One hundred and four cases of Hodgkin's disease diagnosed between July 1981 and June 1991 have been analysed. There was a definite male preponderance. Majority of the patients (82.7%) were below the age of 50 years. Mixed cellularity was the most common type (57.7%). It was followed by both nodular sclerosis and lymphocyte predominant types (16.3% each). Lymphocyte depletion Hodgkin's disease, the most aggressive variant, was the least common (9.7%). The detailed observations, as compared to the previous studies in this region as well as in other parts of the world have been presented and discussed.

Teratomas of rare sites: a review of ten cases.

Out of 267 cases of teratomas diagnosed in the department of pathology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab from January 1980 to December 1989, 10 cases occurred in rare sites ie, 3 cases of teratoma in retroperitoneal space, 3 in the floor of the mouth, one each in mediastinum, thyroid, urinary bladder and kidney. None of these cases was clinically suspected as teratoma. One of the 3 teratomas of the retroperitoneal space and that of kidney were solid. Lesions of mediastinum and urinary bladder were solid as well as cystic. All these teratomas showed foci of immature elements. All other tumours were cystic and contained mature tissues only. Teratomas of the thyroid and kidney were treated with subtotal thyroidectomy and nephrectomy respectively, rest had surgical resection. One patient of immature retroperitoneal teratoma was lost to follow-up. All the others are alive and well for the period of 1 to 8 years. None had recurrence.

Effectiveness of beta-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis on the ability of Meloidogyne sp. from brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) to survive.

Beta-exotoxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis grown in the acid hydrolysates of wheat and rice brans caused 95% and 85% mortality respectively of Meloidogyne sp. as against 72% of ß-exotoxin produced on farm yard manure within 7 days. Acid hydrolysate of wheat or rice bran and solid farm yard manure proved to be the best media for growth of B. thuringiensis var. thuringiensis.