Pharmacological studies of Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera as resource of bio-active compounds for various diseases

Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera species were investigated as a resource for new diverse pharmacological agents including B complex, individual total phenolic compounds and antioxidants for curing and treatments of many infectious diseases in human through advanced analytical methods. These plants are abundant in Khyber Pukhtoon Khawa, Pakistan as well as in all over the world and famous for their unique medicinal importance. These herbaceous species are so far used for animals curing while current exploration of these species showed that these species are a precious resource of various compounds which can be employed in the formation of different drugs. The results showed that the leaf and flower extracts of Adhatoda vasica and leaf extract of Calotropis procera contained higher contents of bioactive compounds. The chemical analysis of the samples resulted in higher values of total phenolic compounds [71.32mg GAE/g], total antioxidants [651% DPPH inhibition], the enzyme catalase [4716Mug/g], ash content [16.72%] and pH values in the Calotropis procera, whereas the total carotenoids [1987mg/100g], the enzymes, superoxide dismutase [4566Mug/g] and peroxidase [1322Mug/g] were higher in leaves of Adhatoda vasica. The flower extract of the Adhatoda vasica was rich in the flavonoids [0.87mg/100g] and organic matter [89.99%] as compared to Calotropis procera. The obtained data for each parameter was interpreted by applying Complete Randomized Design [CRD] along with factorial arrangements. The mean comparison was performed using LSD test at 5% probability level. The presence of these phytochemicals may lead to the conclusion that these herbal plants have the potential for formation of new drugs and can be used as herbal medicine for treatment of different cancer and viral diseases. These compounds are also useful in the treatment of the tumor

Advanced oxidation of acridine orange by aqueous alkaline iodine

The advanced oxidation process is certainly used for the dye waste water treatment. In this continuation a new advanced oxidation via aqueous alkaline iodine was developed for the oxidation of acridine orange [AO] [3, 6 -bis [dimethylamino] acridine zinc chloride double salt]. Oxidation Kinetics of AO by alkaline solution of iodine was investigated spectrophotometrically at lamda[max] 491 nm. The reaction was monitored at various operational parameters like several concentrations of dye and iodine, pH, salt electrolyte and temperature. The initial steps of oxidation kinetics followed fractional order reaction with respect to the dye while depend upon the incremental amount of iodine to certain extent whereas maximum oxidation of AO was achieved at high pH. Decline in the reaction rate in the presence of salt electrolyte suggested the presence of oppositely charged species in the rate determining step. Kinetic data revealed that the de-colorization mechanism involves triodate [I3[-]] species, instead of hypoidate [OI[-]] and hypiodous acid [HOI], in alkaline medium during the photo-excitation of hydrolyzed AO. Alleviated concentration of alkali result in decreasing of rate of reaction, clearly indicate that the iodine species are active oxidizing species instead of OH radical. Activation parameters at elevated temperatures were determined which revealed that highly solvated state of dye complex existed into solution. Reaction mixture was subjected to UV/Visible and GC mass spectrum analysis that proves the secondary consecutive reaction was operative in rate determining step and finally dye complex end into smaller fragments

plausible mechanism of biosorption in dual symbioses by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal in plants

Dual symbioses of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal [VAM] fungi with growth of Momordica charantia were elucidated in terms of plausible mechanism of biosorption in this article. The experiment was conducted in green house and mixed inoculum of the VAM fungi was used in the three replicates. Results demonstrated that the starch contents were the main source of C for the VAM to builds their hyphae. The increased plant height and leaves surface area were explained in relation with an increase in the photosynthetic rates to produce rapid sugar contents for the survival of plants. A decreased in protein, and amino acid contents and increased proline and protease activity in VAM plants suggested that these contents were the main bio-indicators of the plants under biotic stress. The decline in protein may be due to the degradation of these contents, which later on converted into dextrose where it can easily be absorbed by for the period of symbioses. A mechanism of C chemisorption in relation with physiology and morphology of plant was discussed

Marine green algae Codium iyengarii as a good bio-sorbent for elimination of reactive black 5 from aqueous solution

The green seaweeds Codium iyengarii [C. iyengarii] was used to prepare as an adsorbent surface for the deletion of Reactive Black 5 [RB 5] from aqueous solution via adsorption

The batch technique was adopted under the optimal condition of amount of adsorbent, agitation time, concentration of dye, and at neutral and low pH

The depletion in concentration of the dye was monitored by Schimadzo 180 AUV/Visible spectrophotometer. It was initially monolayer adsorption, which showed multilayered formation later on with the passage of time at low and neutral pH. The Results displayed that adsorptive ability of C. iyengarii was 1.95-3.82mg/g with an elevation in primary application of dye contents [50ppm-70 ppm]

The elimination data were well stable into the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm equations. The Langmuir [R[2]=0.9848] and Freundlich [R[2]=0.9441] constants for biosorption of RB 5 on green algae were determined

The coefficient relation values suggested that the Langmuir isotherm was well fitted

It explained the interaction of surface molecules, which helps in well organization of dye molecules in a monolayer formation initially on algal biomass

The pseudo first and second order rate equations were applied to link the investigational statistics and found that the second order rate expression was found to be more suitable for both the models. The absorption spectrum of RB 5 before and after adsorption with respect to time was monitored which clearly indicate that C iyengarii was much effective surface at very low quantity

Reduction of Methylene Green by EDTA: a relation between dielectric constant of medium and activated state

Kinetics of an alkaline reduction of the methylene green with ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid [EDTA] as a role of dielectric constant of the medium with anecdotal ionic strength in a diverse solvent system [aqueous mixtures of methanol] [10-30%] was studied by measuring the specific rate constant of the reaction spectrophotometrically at lambda[max]=660nm. An effort has been made to give an elucidation of vital role of dielectric constant of the medium captivating into reflection of single sphere and double sphere complex in reaction assortment. This investigation leads to disclose that single sphere complex of the dye and reductant was found to be the most suitable complex existed in a varied organic solvent. The deviation of the theoretical values from experimental results for single sphere and double sphere complex model in the presence of an alkali and nitrate ions were justified through HPLC analysis. HPLC analysis recommended that a considerable amount of the dye degrades in the existence of nitrate ion and alkali and additional peaks which may be of by-product were obtained. This leads to confirm the non identical values of single sphere and double sphere model in the occurrence of nitrate and an alkali. Rate of deletion of color showed a linear liaison with respect to water content below 30% and temperature between 20-40°C whereas an increase in the concentration of organic solvent showed the inhibition of dye decoloration at given optimum condition. Therefore study was restricted up to 30% of methanol binary mixtures. A mechanism of reduction of dye has been proposed based on verdict