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ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed at examining whether food consumption varies in accordance with socio-demographic and behavioral factors in the conceptual model, analyzing adult women in Tehran, Iran, for that purpose. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted with 247 women in childbearing age, who were selected through systematic cluster sampling from five regions in Tehran. Dietary assessment was done through a Food Frequency Questionnaire, and the anthropometric indices were measured. Data on socio-economic status and information-motivation-behavioral skills model were obtained through a questionnaire. Then, subjects were stratified according to the socio-economic status and model components. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance and structural equation modeling. Results Consumption of food groups among the participating women differed based on their living region, education, occupation, household expenditure, and model components (p<0.05). Intake of red and processed meat (p<0.05) was at the lowest level in illiterate or low educated women. Those with lower total expenditure had higher consumption of fats and oils (p<0.05). Women with higher perceived social support consumed more milk and dairy products (p<0.05), fats and oils (p<0.05), and less bread and cereals (p<0.05). Model components including information, attitude, social support, self-efficacy, and self-regulation were the most important factors negatively affecting the consumption of unhealthy foods (red and processed meat, fats and oils, sugar, and salty foods). Conclusion Considering the impact of model components on women's eating behaviors, the specific integration strategies delineated for each construct of the model can be utilized to design model-based interventions targeting the promotion of healthy nutritional behavior.
RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo buscou examinar se o consumo de alimentos varia de acordo com fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais no modelo conceitual entre mulheres adultas em Teerã, Irã. Métodos Este estudo transversal foi conduzido em 247 mulheres em idade reprodutiva, selecionadas por amostragem sistemática por conglomerados de cinco regiões de Teerã. A avaliação da dieta foi realizada por meio de um questionário de frequência alimentar, e os índices antropométricos foram medidos. Os dados sobre o status socioeconômico e o modelo de habilidades de informação-motivação-comportamento foram obtidos através de um questionário. Em seguida, os sujeitos foram estratificados conforme o status socioeconômico e os componentes do modelo. A análise estatística utilizou análise de variância e modelagem de equações estruturais. Resultados O consumo de grupos de alimentos entre as mulheres participantes diferiu de acordo com a região onde vivem, educação, ocupação, gasto familiar e componentes do modelo (p<0,05). A ingestão de carne vermelha e processada (p<0,05) foi mais baixa entre mulheres analfabetas ou com baixa escolaridade. Aquelas com menor gasto total apresentaram maior consumo de gorduras e óleos (p<0,05). Mulheres com maior apoio social percebido consumiram mais leite e derivados (p<0,05), gorduras e óleos (p<0,05) e menos pão e cereais (p<0,05). Os componentes do modelo, incluindo informação, atitude, apoio social, autoeficácia e autorregulação, foram os fatores mais importantes que afetaram negativamente o consumo de alimentos não saudáveis (carne vermelha e processada, gorduras e óleos, açúcar e alimentos salgados). Conclusão Considerando o impacto dos componentes do modelo nos comportamentos alimentares das mulheres, as estratégias de integração específicas delineadas para cada construto do modelo podem ser utilizadas para projetar intervenções baseadas em modelos visando promover um comportamento nutricional saudável.
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Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Social Class , Women , Latent Class AnalysisABSTRACT
Introduction: Acute otitis media [AOM] remains a frequent global infection of childhood. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns in patients with acute middle ear infections referred to Amir Alam hospital
Methods: In total 102 middle ear discharge specimens were collected during 6 months period from patients with acute otitis media. Specimens were assessed for isolation n and identifivation by microscopic examination and culture. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disk diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer and sensitivity frequency of tested antibiotics was assessed by appraisal diameter the growth inhibitory zone
Results: Of 102 tested specimens, 90 [88.2%] were recognized as Staphylococcus 27[26.5%], Streptococcus 7[6.9%], Moraxella catarrhalis 2[2%], Proteus 11[10.8%], Streptococcus pneumonia 15[14.7%], Pseudomonas 15 [14.7%], Corynebacterium 6[5.9%], Haemophilus influenza 7[6.9%] and 12[11.8%] specimens were non cultureable. Almost all the isolated bacteria to antibiotics that are commonly prescribed to patients by Physician routinely including penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin showed resistance
Conclusion: According to the emergence of resistant strains to conventional antibiotic therapy, especially beta-lactam antibiotics and erythromycin, it is recommended to perform further studies to determine full picture of antibiotic susceptibility in circulating in patients with AOM to revise existing guidelines of empirical therapy of AOM in Iran
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Along with the constant increase in world population and consequently, the growing need to provide cellulose, as the most abundant organic substance in nature to produce cellulose products, concerns regarding the possible contamination of these products might cause skin, and genital and urinary infections. The aim of this study is to determine the possible microbial contamination of these products supplied in the city of Tehran. This is a descriptive study on 200 samples of unexpired cellulose products including napkins, nappies, sanitary napkin, and cardboard boxes to carry sweets. Fifty samples were obtained in the city of Tehran during six months from September 2011 to February 2012. Microbial contamination was investigated according to the procedure proposed by the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. The results obtained indicate that 18 samples [9%] exceeded the level allowed for aerobic bacteria and molds in one gram of specimens. Besides, 16 samples [8%] were contaminated with at least one of the following bacteria: Streptococcus Group D, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. A total of 34 samples [17%] could not be consumed. The least and the most contaminated products were sanitary napkins [0.5%] and cardboard boxes to carry sweets [5%], respectively. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in cellulose products that could cause skin, and genital and urinary tract infections asks for more control over such sanitary products
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Technical knowledge of managers of health care industry regarding budgeting have an essential function on increased efficiency of organizations working in this sector, since every single right decision, rely on appropriate knowledge and analysis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was assessment of technical knowledge of managers of health care system regarding budgeting. This was a descriptive - analytic, cross- sectional study. From 80 managers of Tabriz Medical Sciences University 63 participated in the study and a questionnaire was employed to collect data. Data was analyzed by Spss 16 software, Pearson correlation test, T test and ANOVA. Mean of total scores was 16.9 +/- 4.6 of 30. There was no significant difference between total scores in different courses [P=0.276] and positions [P=0.431]. Mean of total scores between women and men [P=0.782] were the same. There weren't significant relation between technical knowledge of managers with age [p=0.392, r=0.1], job background [p=0.299, r=0.1] and management background [p=0.121, r=0.2]. With respect to low level of manager's awareness about budgeting, improving of technical knowledge is essential. Lack of significant relation between technical knowledge of managers and their length of management practices, with unstable situation, may harm seriously organizational achievements. Reviewing and promotion of educational programs and continuous training of managers with respect to budgeting seems to be an essential need for improving manager's performance
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Dental caries in children caused by repeatable consumption of sweet product especially at night, that itself mostly depend on economic and cultural background of the society and family. One of the most common diseases of human being is dental caries, which are caused by many factors, such as microorganisms, dieting, passing time, and the host itself. Among the microorganisms Streptococci mutants play the major role in causing dental caries. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of Streptococci mutants in dental caries between two groups of children sensitive and resistance to caries. This was a cross-sectional research, in which 120 children [60 susceptible and 60 resistance] aged between 3 to 5 referred to Tehran University dental school were selected randomly. The selection criteria for the sensitive and resistance dental caries were dmfs > 5 and dmfs < 10 respectively. None of the groups had used any drug or fluoride products before sampling. Saliva of both groups were collected, and transferred to the specific culture media [Mitis Salivarious Agar]. After incubation at 37 Degree°C colonies of S.mutans were counted. There was a significant difference between the number of colony counting [cfu/ml] with age and consumption of repeated sugar product, while. there was no significant difference between [cfu/ml] sex, oral hygiene, and nutrition period during infancy. The results of this study showed that the consumption of sugar product in childhood results in dental carries
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Humans , Dental Caries/microbiology , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Over the past decade, the number of private centers providing health care services in Iran has had a continuous growth and the highly competitive market in private hospitals industry has caused increasing pressure on them to provide services with a higher quality. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of services being provided in private hospitals of Tehran as judged by patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 in Tehran. The study sample comprised 983 patients, randomly selected from 8 private hospitals. The survey instrument was the standard SERVQUAL questionnaire. Wilcoxon, t-test, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analyses. The total mean scores of patients' expectation and perception were 4.92 and 4.02, respectively. The highest figures were related to the tangible factors dimension and the lowest ones to the empathy dimension. The differences between the perception and expectation for all the 22 items and the 5 dimensions were found to be statistically significant[p< 0.001]. SERVQUAL is valid and reliable in hospital settings as a standard tool for the assessment of quality. The results of the present study have revealed the areas that need to be improved as far as the patients are concerned. Measuring the opinion of patients can help facilitate the provision of hospital services, and improve the quality of such services and patients' satisfaction
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Salmonellosis is a gastroenteritis caused by different serotypes of Salmonella and is the most common type of food poisoning in the world. The purpose of this research study is to optimize the conventional method for the isolation of Salmonella SPP from the diarrheic specimens of children. Stool specimens were obtained from one hundred patients admitted to Children's Medical Center for diarrhea. The enrichment media were prepared by 3 Rappaport Vassiliadis broth [RV], Tetrathionate broth [TT], and Selenite Cystine broth [SC]. Then, for the isolation of Salmonella SPP, the enrichment methods RV and TT were used and incubated at 42[degree sign] C, and SC at 37[degree sign] C. After 24 hours of incubation, the enrichment samples were inoculated into the following 6 different media: Hektone Enteric agar [HE], Rambach agar [RA], CHROMagar Salmnella [CHROMagar Salmonella], Brilliant Green agar [BG], Salmonella-Shigella agar [SS], and Xylose-Lysine-Deoxycholate agar [XLD]. In total, 13 out of one hundred samples were identified as Salmonella SPP. All of these 13 Salmonella SPP samples [i. e., 100%] were positive on RV broth; the figures were 8 [61.5%] and 3 [23%] on SC and TT broths, respectively. The highest amount of isolation was found by the combination of RV broth and RA agar [100%]. The lowest rate, however, was obtained by the combination of TT agar and BG broth [15.4%]. The comparison results of 3 enrichment media and 6 selective media showed that the mixture of RV broth and RA agar would be very fine for the isolation of Salmonella SPP