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BACKGROUND@#The urinary tract can be affected by both congenital abnormalities as well as acquired disorders, such ascancer, trauma, infection, inflammation, and iatrogenic injuries, all of which may lead to organ damage requiring eventualreconstruction. As a gold standard, gastrointestinal segment is used for urinary bladder reconstruction. However, one majorproblem is that while bladder tissue prevents reabsorption of specific solutes, gastrointestinal tissue actually absorbs them.Therefore, tissue engineering approach had been attempted to provide an alternative tissue graft for urinary bladderreconstruction. @*METHODS@#Human adipose-derived stem cells isolated from fat tissues were differentiated into smooth muscle cells andthen seeded onto a triple-layered PLGA sheet to form a bladder construct. Adult athymic rats underwent subtotal urinarybladder resection and were divided into three treatment groups (n = 3): Group 1 (‘‘sham’’) underwent anastomosis of theremaining basal region, Group 2 underwent reconstruction with the cell-free scaffold, and Group 3 underwent reconstructionwith the tissue-engineered bladder construct. Animals were monitored on a daily basis and euthanisation wasperformed whenever a decline in animal health was detected. @*RESULTS@#All animals in Groups 1, 2 and 3 survived for at least 7 days and were followed up to a maximum of 12 weekspost-operation. It was found that by Day 14, substantial ingrowth of smooth muscle and urothelial cells had occurred inGroup 2 and 3. In the long-term follow up of group 3 (tissue-engineered bladder construct group), it was found that theurinary bladder wall was completely regenerated and bladder function was fully restored. Urodynamic and radiologicalevaluations of the reconstructed bladder showed a return to normal bladder volume and function.Histological analysisrevealed the presence of three muscular layers and a urothelium similar to that of a normal bladder. Immunohistochemicalstaining using human-specific myocyte markers (myosin heavy chain and smoothelin) confirmed the incorporation of theseeded cells in the newly regenerated muscular layers. @*CONCLUSION@#Implantation of PLGA construct seeded with smooth muscle cells derived from human adipose stemcells can lead to regeneration of the muscular layers and urothelial ingrowth, leading to formation of a completelyfunctional urinary bladder.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#The urinary tract can be affected by both congenital abnormalities as well as acquired disorders, such ascancer, trauma, infection, inflammation, and iatrogenic injuries, all of which may lead to organ damage requiring eventualreconstruction. As a gold standard, gastrointestinal segment is used for urinary bladder reconstruction. However, one majorproblem is that while bladder tissue prevents reabsorption of specific solutes, gastrointestinal tissue actually absorbs them.Therefore, tissue engineering approach had been attempted to provide an alternative tissue graft for urinary bladderreconstruction. @*METHODS@#Human adipose-derived stem cells isolated from fat tissues were differentiated into smooth muscle cells andthen seeded onto a triple-layered PLGA sheet to form a bladder construct. Adult athymic rats underwent subtotal urinarybladder resection and were divided into three treatment groups (n = 3): Group 1 (‘‘sham’’) underwent anastomosis of theremaining basal region, Group 2 underwent reconstruction with the cell-free scaffold, and Group 3 underwent reconstructionwith the tissue-engineered bladder construct. Animals were monitored on a daily basis and euthanisation wasperformed whenever a decline in animal health was detected. @*RESULTS@#All animals in Groups 1, 2 and 3 survived for at least 7 days and were followed up to a maximum of 12 weekspost-operation. It was found that by Day 14, substantial ingrowth of smooth muscle and urothelial cells had occurred inGroup 2 and 3. In the long-term follow up of group 3 (tissue-engineered bladder construct group), it was found that theurinary bladder wall was completely regenerated and bladder function was fully restored. Urodynamic and radiologicalevaluations of the reconstructed bladder showed a return to normal bladder volume and function.Histological analysisrevealed the presence of three muscular layers and a urothelium similar to that of a normal bladder. Immunohistochemicalstaining using human-specific myocyte markers (myosin heavy chain and smoothelin) confirmed the incorporation of theseeded cells in the newly regenerated muscular layers. @*CONCLUSION@#Implantation of PLGA construct seeded with smooth muscle cells derived from human adipose stemcells can lead to regeneration of the muscular layers and urothelial ingrowth, leading to formation of a completelyfunctional urinary bladder.
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Objective To evaluate the nephroprotective effect of defatted methanolic extract and aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii (M. koenigii) against cyclophosphamide drug. Methods Nephrotoxicity was induced by cyclophosphamide in 7 days at 150 mg/kg body weight through intraperitoneal route in rat model. Nephroprotective activity of M. koenigii extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg in intraperitoneal route) was measured, including nephrological source, oxidative stress parameters like superoxide dismutase, glutathione, the lipid peroxide and in vivo assay like blood urea nitrogen, creatinine were determined and analyzed by One way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test. Results The study result showed that important phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannin, alkaloids, glycosides, protein and steroids were found to be present in the extract of M. koenigii. The renal function markers like blood urea nitrogen and creatinine level were found to be decreased significantly by M. koenigii extract treatment. A significant difference was found to be at P < 0.01. Conclusions The present study reveals the protective role of M. koenigii extract against cyclophosphamide induced nephrotoxicity.
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OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the nephroprotective effect of defatted methanolic extract and aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii (M. koenigii) against cyclophosphamide drug.@*METHODS@#Nephrotoxicity was induced by cyclophosphamide in 7 days at 150 mg/kg body weight through intraperitoneal route in rat model. Nephroprotective activity of M. koenigii extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg in intraperitoneal route) was measured, including nephrological source, oxidative stress parameters like superoxide dismutase, glutathione, the lipid peroxide and in vivo assay like blood urea nitrogen, creatinine were determined and analyzed by One way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test.@*RESULTS@#The study result showed that important phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannin, alkaloids, glycosides, protein and steroids were found to be present in the extract of M. koenigii. The renal function markers like blood urea nitrogen and creatinine level were found to be decreased significantly by M. koenigii extract treatment. A significant difference was found to be at P < 0.01.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The present study reveals the protective role of M. koenigii extract against cyclophosphamide induced nephrotoxicity.
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SUMMARY Aim: This study was conducted to measure the cross sectional area (CSA) of the ulnar nerve (UN) in the cubital tunnel and to evaluate the role of high-resolution ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ulnar nerve neuropathy (UNN). Materials and Methods This was a cross sectional study with 64 arms from 32 patients (34 neuropathic, 30 nonneuropathic). Diagnosis was confirmed by nerve conduction study and electromyography. The ulnar nerves were evaluated with 15MHz small footprint linear array transducer. The ulnar nerve CSA was measured at three levels with arm extended: at medial epicondyle (ME), 5cm proximal and 5cm distal to ME. Results from the neuropathic and nonneuropathic arms were compared. Independent T-tests and Pearson correlation tests were used. P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Mean CSA values for the UN at levels 5cm proximal to ME, ME and 5cm distal to ME were 0.055, 0.109, 0.045 cm2 respectively in the neuropathic group and 0.049, 0.075, 0.042 cm2 respectively in the non-neuropathic group. The CSA of the UN at the ME level was significantly larger in the neuropathic group, with p value of 0.005. However, there was no statistical difference between the groups at 5cm proximal and distal to the ME, with p values of 0.10 and 0.35 respectively. Conclusion: There is significant difference in CSA values of the UN at ME between the neuropathic and non-neuropathic groups with mean CSA value above the predetermined 0.10cm2 cut-off point. High-resolution ultrasonography is therefore useful to diagnose and follow up cases of elbow UNN.
Subject(s)
Ulnar NerveABSTRACT
To study the pattern of pigmented skin lesions in Manipur. This was a retrospective analysis of pigmented skin lesions received at the Department of Pathology, RIMS, Imphal Manipur. Pigmented skin lesions which were histologically reported from January 2005 to December 2012 were reviewed and analysed according to age, gender, site of occurrence and histological types. A total of 183 pigmented skin lesions were histologically reported during the period under review in 57 male and 126 female patients with a male to female ratio of 1: 2.21. Maximum of the cases were seen in the age group of 21 to 30 years, with the youngest patient being 4 years and the oldest being 77 years. It was found that the most common site was the face [51.4%] followed by the arms [8.9%]. Melanocytic nevi were the most common pigmentary lesion which accounted for 74.3% of the cases followed by melanoma [9.8%] and seborrheic keratosis[6%]. In this study the commonest benign pigmented lesion was melanocytic nevi and melanoma had the highest incidence from among the malignant lesions.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Melanoma/epidemiology , Nevus, Pigmented , Keratosis, Seborrheic , Diagnosis, Differential , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Simultaneous proptosis and facial palsy as the clinical presentation of childhood Acute Myeloid Leukaemia [AML] is very rare. To date, no case have been reported anywhere to the best of our knowledge. Extra medullary leukemic deposits or Granulocytic Sarcoma [GS] is a rare manifestation in about 3% of childhood AML, 9.3% of GS manifested as orbit deposits causing proptosis in one or both eyes. CNS infiltration or acute otomastoiditis subsequent to leukemic infiltration of the temporal bone may be implicated with facial paralysis. We are here with reporting the case in a 3-year-old boy who presented with proptosis and facial palsy in a case of AML. The purpose of reporting this case is to emphasize the need of examining the peripheral blood and bone marrow in children presenting as proptosis and facial palsy for early diagnosis of childhood AML
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Exophthalmos/etiology , Facial Paralysis/etiology , Child , Sarcoma, MyeloidABSTRACT
Background: Adipose tissue provides an abundant source of multipotent cells, which represent a source of cell-based regeneration strategies for urinary bladder smooth muscle repair. Our objective was to confirm that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can be differentiated into smooth muscle cells. Methods: In this study, adipose tissue samples were digested with 0.075% collagenase, and the resulting ADSCs were cultured and expanded in vitro. ADSCs at passage two were differentiated by incubation in smooth muscle inductive media (SMIM) consisting of MCDB I31 medium, 1% FBS, and 100 U/mL heparin for three and six weeks. ADSCs in non-inductive media were used as controls. Characterisation was performed by cell morphology and gene and protein expression. Result: The differentiated cells became elongated and spindle shaped, and towards the end of six weeks, sporadic cell aggregation appeared that is typical of smooth muscle cell culture. Smooth muscle markers (i.e. alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA), calponin, and myosin heavy chain (MHC)) were used to study gene expression. Expression of these genes was detected by PCR after three and six weeks of differentiation. At the protein expression level, ASMA, MHC, and smoothelin were expressed after six weeks of differentiation. However, only ASMA and smoothelin were expressed after three weeks of differentiation. Conclusion: Adipose tissue provides a possible source of smooth muscle precursor cells that possess the potential capability of smooth muscle differentiation. This represents a promising alternative for urinary bladder smooth muscle repair.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue , Stem Cells , Muscle Cells , Regeneration , Urinary BladderABSTRACT
<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common pregnancy complication. However, it is often overlooked by medical practitioners and patients alike. This study aimed to describe CTS in relation to pregnancy and assess how significant the disease was among pregnant women.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In a prospective cross-sectional study, 333 respondents were randomly selected from among pregnant women attending the primary care maternal health clinic in a university hospital. CTS was diagnosed clinically based on patient history and physical examination. The severity of CTS was assessed using the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire. Symptomatic respondents were asked whether they had mentioned their problems to doctors and received appropriate treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>82 (24.6%) pregnant women presented with symptoms of CTS, a majority of whom were ethnic Malays (Malay 87.8%; non-Malay 12.2%). The risk for developing CTS during the third trimester of pregnancy was found to be two-fold among Malay women compared to patients of other ethnicities (odds ratio 2.262; 95% confidence interval 1.10-4.46; p = 0.024). The commonest complaint was daytime numbness (76.8%). The severity of CTS among patients was predominantly mild (80.5%), and the symptoms were severe enough to affect hand function in approximately one-third (34.1%) of the group. However, only 25.6% of symptomatic patients mentioned their problems to their doctors, and of these, 9.5% received treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CTS is prevalent in the third trimester of pregnancy, especially among Malay women, in whom the risk of developing the syndrome is two-fold. Yet, this troublesome complication of pregnancy appears to be under-recognised, with most patients not being treated appropriately.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Carpal Tunnel Syndrome , Diagnosis , Epidemiology , Pathology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Pregnancy Complications , Diagnosis , Epidemiology , Pathology , Pregnancy Trimesters , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
Dermatological malignancies are relatively uncommon worldwide and are usually not ranked among the top ten common cancers. Various studies indicate a progressive rise in the incidence of skin cancers. This study was performed to determine the pattern of skin malignancies in Manipur, India. This was a retrospective analysis of skin cancers seen in a major referral centre in Manipur. Histologically diagnosed skin cancers seen from August, 2004 to October, 2009 were reviewed and analyzed according to age, gender, site of distribution and histological types. 92 histologically diagnosed skin malignancies were reported during the period under review comprising 2.8% of all histologically diagnosed cancers in RIMS hospital. 47 cases [51.1%] were males and 45 cases [48.9%] females with a male to female ratio of 1:0.96. Age ranged from 17 years to 90 years. Squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] was the most common malignancy consisting of 40 [43.6%] cases followed by basal cell carcinoma [BCC] with 30 [32.6%] cases melanoma with 13 [14.2%] cases. Kaposi's sarcoma, sebaceous carcinoma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans constituted about 3.2% with three cases each. The most common skin malignancy was SCC followed by BCC and melanoma. In contrast to the Western countries, melanoma is a rare skin neoplasm in Manipur. For better health planning similar larger studies should be encouraged
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Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Basal Cell/epidemiology , Melanoma/epidemiologyABSTRACT
To study the distribution of colorectal carcinomas [CRC] with special emphasis on age, sex, site and histological grading. Retrospective study. Department of Pathology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences [RIMS], Imphal, Manipur, India, from January 2004 to December 2009. Materials were collected from subjects first diagnosed as colorectal carcinomas in histopathology section and then the medical files were reviewed. Variables like age, sex, religion, relevant past / family history, tumor location, disease stage [Dukes' staging] were assessed. The findings were then analysed. There were 54 patients with colorectal carcinomas during this 6 year period. 29 cases [53.71%] were males while 25 cases [46.29%] were females with a male to female ratio of 1.16:1. The disease was most commonly seen between 60-69 years age group. The rectum was the most common affected site contributing to 53.71% [29 cases] followed by ascending colon with 12 cases [22.22%]. 38.88% of lesions [21 cases] were stage C and above i.e. involvement of local lymph nodes and distant metastasis. When we compared patients above 50 years of age to those under 50 years of age, we found that the disease usually presented with poorer grades of differentiation and more advanced stage in those below 50 years compared to those above 50 years. This study showed that bowel cancers are not rare as previously believed. Routine screening for bowel cancer in all risk patients should be carried out regularly so as to detect cancer early
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Humans , Male , Female , Aged, 80 and over , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Neoplasm Staging , Neoplasm Metastasis , Retrospective Studies , IncidenceABSTRACT
To determine the etiology and clinical profile of pancytopenia in Manipur, India Prospective study Department of Pathology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences [RIMS], Imphal, Manipur, a renowned referral hospital in north-east India Fifty cases of pancytopenia were examined in the department of Pathology, RIMS hospital, Imphal, Manipur,India, during a two year period from November 1999 to October 2001. Bone marrow aspiration and examination Correlation between pancytopenia and clinico-hematological diagnosis Hypoplastic anemia was the commonest cause of pancytopenia [22%] followed by megaloblastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome [18% each]. The other causes include subleukemic / aleukaemic leukemia [14%], iron deficiency anemia [8%], HIV infection [6%], congenital dyserythropoietic anemia [CDA, 4%], pyrexia of unknown origin [PUO] with hepatosplenomegaly [4%], congenital hepatic fibrosis [2%] and systemic lupus erythomatosus [SLE, 2%]. Rare causes of pancytopenia including iron deficiency anemia, HIV infection and CDA have to be kept in mind as possible disorders manifesting as pancytopenia