Biofilm formation and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from blood cultures of dental patients undergoing oral surgical procedures

The objective of this study was the detection and separation of S. aureus from blood cultures of patients undergoing oral surgical procedures. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern and biofilm formation of S. aureus were also performed. Total 250 patients undergoing oral surgical procedures were selected for bacteriological examination. 5ml of Blood sample was collected in blood culture bottles containing tryptone soya broth. Blood sample was incubated at 37[degree sign] C for 7 days and after incubation subculturing was done on appropriate Media. The plates were then incubated at 37[degree sign]C aerobically for 24 hours, after which isolated colonies were obtained. S.aureus was identified by Gram staining, colony morphology, pigment production, catalase, coagulase and often biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by disc diffusion technique on isosensitivity agar. Strains of S.aureus were used for biofilm formation by simple tubemethod. With the help of spectrophotometer at 570 nm optical density was measured. S.aureus [ATTC2523] was analyzed for biofilm production. Bacterial isolates in descending order were S.aureus 56%, E.coli 25%, Pseudomonas spp. 13%, S.typhi 4%and Shigella spp2%. S.aureus was resistant to different antibiotics. Biofilm production of S.aureus was detected in 16.17%of the S.aureus and mostly in association with antibiotic resistant bacteria. S.aureus was the predominant group of bacteria isolated from blood cultures of dental patients. Increased antibiotic resistance of S.aureus may be due to biofilm production resulting in persistent dental infections

In vitro antifungal sensitivity of fluconazole, clotrimazole and nystatin against vaginal candidiasis in females of childbearing age

Vaginal candidiasis is the most common infection of females. A large variety of antifungal drugs are used for treatment. The objective of this study was isolation and identification of Candida from high vaginal swabs and in vitro antifungal activity of Clotrimazole, Fluconazole and Nystatin against Candida. Two hundred and fifty high vaginal swabs were collected from females reporting at different hospitals of Karachi. Wet mount was performed to observe the budding cells of Candida. Vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar with added antibiotics. Plates were incubated at room temperature for seven days. Chlamydospores of Candida albicans were identified on corn meal agar. Species of Candida were identified on Biggy agar. In vitro antifungal activity of Clotrimazole, Fluconazole and Nystatin was performed by MIC [Minimum inhibitory concentration], well diffusion method and disc diffusion method. Out of 250 high vaginal swabs, Candida species were isolated in 100 [40%] of cases. Out of 100, C. albican 30 [30%], C. tropicalis 21 [21%], C. parapsillosis 10 [10%], C. parakrusi 8 [8%], C.glabrata 8 [8%], C. krusei 3 [3%] were isolated. In vitro antifungal activity indicated Clotrimazole [MIC 16 and 8 microg/ml] effective against 68 [70%] of Candida SPP, Fluconazole [MIC 64 and 32 microg/ml] effective against 29 [36.2%] and Nystatin disc [100 units] was 51 [63.5%] effective. C. albicans was mainly isolated. Clotrimazole was more effective as compared to Fluconazole and Nystatin. Antifungal susceptibility testing should be determined before therapy to avoid treatment failures

Antibacterial effect of nsaids on clinical isolates of urinary tract infection and diabetic foot infection

Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs [NSAIDS] are a group of chemically dissimilar agents that have primary effect of inhibition of prostaglandin's synthesis. Aspirin [Acetyl Salicylic Acid] is used as an analgesic, anti pyretic, anti-inflammatory agent and also have an anticoagulant effect. Tylenol [acetaminophen] is used as pain reliever. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Aspirin and Tylenol against clinical isolates of urinary tract infection [UTI] and diabetic foot infections. A total of 100 clinical isolates were analyzed. Out of these 50 were urine samples from diabetic patients with UTI and 50 pus samples from diabetic foot infection. Bacteriological study was done by inoculating urine samples on Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte deficient [CLED] media. Pus samples were inoculated on Blood agar and MacConkey's agar. Identification was done by colony characteristics, gram staining and standard biochemical tests and Quick Test Strip [QTS-20] DESTO Laboratories, Karachi. Antibacterial effect of Aspirin and Tylenol were tested against 100 clinical isolates by Replica plate method, Agar well diffusion method and tube dilution method. Concentrations of Aspirin and Tylenol [10 micro g, 50 micro g, 100 micro g, 500 micro g, 1000 micro g] were made in Muller Hinton media. Bacteria isolated from urine samples were Escherichia coli 30%, Staphyloccus aureus 20%, Entrococcus faecalis 10%, S.saprophyticus l0%, Proteus spp 6%, Pseudomonas spp.6%, S. pyogenes 6%, S. agalactiae 6%, S.epidermidis 4%, and Klebsiella spp. 2%. Bacteria isolated from pus samples were S aureus 30%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18%, S.epidermidis 14%, Klebsiellapneumonia 12%, Proteus mirabilis 12%, E. coli 10%, P.vulgaris 4%. Aspirin was effective at 100-500 ug concentration against all isolates. Tylenol has marked effect on pathogens at 100 micro g concentration. Aspirin and Tylenol along with analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory properties also have marked anti bacterial effect on isolates from UTI and Diabetic foot infections and inhibits the growth of both gram negative and gram positive bacteria, and both can be used synergistically with antibiotics for effective treatment

Antimicrobial effects of Alum and Sulpher on bacteria isolated from mineral and hospital water

To determine the purity of different mineral and hospital waters and to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Alum and Sulphur. 50 samples of mineral water of different brands and 50 water samples from different hospitals were analyzed. Detection of parasites was done by Zinc Sulphate Flotation Technique. Bacteriological analysis was done by Membrane Filter Technique and inoculation of selective media by spread plate method. Isolates were identified by standard methods and Quick Test Strip [QTS]. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolates was determined by Disc Diffusion Method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] of Alum and Sulphur was determined by Agar Well Diffusion method. Out of 50 mineral water samples, 42 [84%] and from 50 hospitals water samples, 49 [98%] were contaminated. Parasites were not detected in mineral and hospital water samples. Bacterial isolates from bottled water were Pseudomonas spp. [50%], E.coli [25%], Enterobactor spp [10%], Salmonella typhi [5%], Shigella. dysenteriae [5%] and Aeromonas hydrophilla [5%]. In hospital water bacteria isolated were Pseudomonas spp. [47%], Escherichia coli [35%], Enterobactor spp [6%] and S. dysenteriae [10%]. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern indicated Cefazidime, Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin was found to be effective against bacteria isolated from mineral and hospital water. MIC of Alum against different bacterial isolates indicated no effect whereas MIC of sulphur was effective against all bacteria except Pseudomonas spp. This study highlights the problems that can arise in general population after consuming contaminated mineral water and in hospitalized patients drinking contaminated hospital water. It is safer to boil the water because boiling effectively killed all the bacteria

vitro antibacterial activity of lomefloxacin and comparison with ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin

Lomefloxacin, a defluoridated quinolone has broad antibacterial activity. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro activity of Lomefloxacin against bacterial strains isolated from respiratory and urinary tract infection. Comparison of Lomefloxacin with Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin was also determined. 250 bacterial strains were investigated. 44 strains were from respiratory tract infection [RTI] and 206 strains were from urinary tract infection [UTI]. Minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] was determined by incorporating the antibiotic in Isosensitivity agar. Comparison of Lomefloxacin with Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin antibiotic discs was also determined. Results indicted sensitivity of clinical isolates to Lomefloxacin. MIC ranged from 2 to 10 microg /ml. 90% of K. pneumoniae were inhibited with 2 microg/ml. 70% of all isolates from respiratory tract were sensitive to 5 microg/ml. From UTI more than 75% of all isolates were inhibited by 5 microg/ml except E.coli and Pseudomonas spp. Disc sensitivity pattern indicate Ciprofloxacin as the most effective antibiotic against all isolates from RTI and UTI. Sensitivity of Lomefloxacin and Norfloxacin was similar except S.aureus which was more sensitive to Norfloxacin. MIC method is a reliable and efficient method for the determination of sensitivity pattern of antibiotics as it does not have the problem of expired discs or storage conditions

study of the bacteriological pattern in gall bladder disease

Causative infective agent in most of the 46 percent positive bile cultures was a single bacterium, Ech. Coli was the organism mainly isolated, followed by other bacteria. Kanamycin and Gentamycin were the most effective antibiotics

Frequency of ascitic fluid infection in cirrhotics

Ascitic fluid from 100 consecutive cirrhotics was subjected to polymorph count [PML], protein determination and culture to see the frequency/types of infection. Forty seven cases had sterile ascites, 36 bacterascites, 9 culture negative neutrocytic ascites [CNNA] and 8 culture positive neutrocytic ascites [SBP]. Protein content of the ascitic fluid was less than 1G/d1 in 62%, 56% 42% and 49% cases in the four groups respectively. Culture of the ascitic fluid yielded growth in 50 cases, of which 44 had pathogenic organisms with maximum sensitivity to ofloxacin, gentamycin, cefotaxime, cerfazoline and ceftizoxime. Except for fever, no other clincial or biochemical parameter showed any correlation to the type of ascites

Bacteriological protozoal study on domestic water supply in Karachi

Four hundred and fifty eight water samples collected from domestic tanks and taps and community taps were analysed for bacterial contamination. Faecal pollution was more in domestic tanks and taps in Mehmoodabad, Korangi and least in water collected from community taps of Liaquatabad, Korangi and Mehmoodabad. Bacteria isolated were mostly E.coli, Enterobacter sp, Klebsiella sp. and A. faecalis, while other organisms [except Pseudomonas] were found In lower numbers. Salmonella paratyphi A and paratyphi B, Shigella dysenteriae and Aeromonas sp. were found in Clifton area. Parasite [Fluke] was isolated from one water sample only

study of the bacteriological pattern in gall bladder disease

Causative infective agent in most of the 46% positive bile cultures was a single bacterium. Ech. Coli was the organism mainly isolated, followed by other bacteria. Kanamycin and gentamycin were the most effective antibiotics