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Introduction: An aggressive variant of central giant cell granuloma in a paediatric patient is a localized benign osteolytic prolif- eration. The lesion consist of fibrous tissue with haemorrhage, hemosiderin deposits and presence of osteoclast-like giant cells with reactive bone formation. Clinically shown with rapid growth, resorption of roots, displacement of teeth and thinning or perforation of cortical bone, and marked recurrence. Case presentation: A 9-year-old boy reported with a 3 days history of asymptomatic soft tissue swelling in left mandibular pos- terior region which was diagnosed as central giant cell granuloma based on clinical, radiological and histopathological features. Management and Prognosis: Surgical resection was performed without any signs of recurrence on 9 months follow up. Conclusion: Prompt diagnosis and treatment of Central giant cell granuloma can significantly improve morbidity and long- term outcomes.
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Background: Pancreatitis can lead to serious complications with severe morbidity and mortality. So an early, quick and accurate scoring system is necessary to stratify the patients according to their severity so as to enable early initiation of required management and care. Scoring system commonly used have some drawbacks. This study aimed to compare bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP) and Ranson’s score to predict severe acute pancreatitis and establish the validity of a simple and accurate clinical scoring system for stratifying patients.Methods: This is a prospective comparative study on 100 patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis admitted in department of general surgery. Parameters included in the BISAP and Ranson’s criteria were studied at the time of admission and after 48 hours. Result of these two were compared with that of revised Atlanta classification.Results: As per the BISAP score, the sensitivity and specificity were 95.8 % (95% CI, 76.8-99.8), 94.7 % (95% CI, 86.3-98.3) whereas positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio 18.21 (95% CI, 6.9-47.44), 0.04 (95% CI, 0.01-0.30) and accuracy was 95 % (95% CI, 88.72%-98.36%). On using Ranson’s score, the sensitivity and specificity were 91.6 (95% CI, 71.5-98.5) and 89.4 (95% CI, 79.8-95) with a positive predictive value 8.71 (95% CI, 4.47-18.96) and negative predictive value of 0.09 (95% CI, 0.02-0.35) and accuracy of 90% (95% CI, 82.38%-95.10%)..Conclusions: BISAP score outperformed Ranson’s score in terms of Sensitivity and specificity of prediction of severe pancreatitis. The authors recommend inclusion of BISAP Scoring system in standard treatment protocol of management of acute pancreatitis.
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PURPOSE: To identify potential differences in interportal capsulotomy size and cross-sectional area (CSA) using the anterolateral portal (ALP) and either the: (i) standard anterior portal (SAP) or (ii) modified anterior portal (MAP).MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten cadaveric hemi pelvis specimens were included. A standard arthroscopic ALP was created. Hips were randomized to SAP (n=5) or MAP (n=5) groups. The spinal needle was placed at the center of the anterior triangle or directly adjacent to the ALP in the SAP and MAP groups, respectively. A capsulotomy was created by inserting the knife through the SAP or MAP. The length and width of each capsulotomy was measured using digital calipers under direct visualization. The CSA and length of the capsulotomy as a percentage of total iliofemoral ligament (IFL) side-to-side width were calculated.RESULTS: There were no differences in mean cadaveric age, weight or IFL dimensions between the groups. Capsulotomy CSA was significantly larger in the SAP group compared with the MAP group (SAP 2.16±0.64 cm2 vs. MAP 0.65±0.17 cm2, P=0.008). Capsulotomy length as a percentage of total IFL width was significantly longer in the SAP group compared with the MAP group (SAP 74.2±14.1% vs. MAP 32.4±3.7%, P=0.008).CONCLUSION: The CSA of the capsulotomy and the percentage of the total IFL width disrupted are significantly smaller when the interportal capsulotomy is performed between the ALP and MAP portals, compared to the one created between the ALP and SAP. Surgeons should be aware of this fact when performing hip arthroscopy.
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Arthroscopy , Cadaver , Hip , Hip Joint , Joint Capsule , Ligaments , Needles , Pelvis , SurgeonsABSTRACT
Aim: To identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with various morphological and physiological traits. Methodology: A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) derived from cross of heat tolerant parent WH1021 with heat sensitive parent WH711 was used. For creation of heat stress delay in sowing (four weeks) was done in late sown from timely sown. Days to heading, days to maturity, plant height along with physiological traits viz. photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) were recorded in both timely and late sown conditions over two years. Results: A linkage map consisting of 22 SSR was prepared covering eleven chromosome of wheat. Using the software WinQTL cartographer version 2.5, significant genomic regions associated with heat tolerance were observed on 2A, 2D, 4A and 5A chromosomes with composite interval mapping. QTLs for photosynthetic rate were found consistently for both years on chromosome 2D. In present study, significant variation was reported for days to heading and its QTLs were identified on chromosome 2A and 2D. Interpretation: The QTLs obtained for physiological and morphological traits in wheat can be used for marker-assisted selection for heat tolerance in wheat
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Background: Dengue is an arboviral, mosquito borne illness caused by bite of infected aedes mosquitoes which breed commonly on household water containers like cooler tank, fridge trays and flower pots. Though dengue is non fatal illness but it may lead to deaths from dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The objective of the study was to assess the community awareness regarding dengue and practices primarily being used as personal protection measures against mosquito bites and abolition of household breeding sites of mosquitoes.Methods: A cross sectional observational study done in 5 randomly selected wards of the municipal corporation Sagar. 400 households were studied, selecting 80 houses from each ward randomly. Pretested structured questionnaire was used for interview with the head of family/adult member of the family. The data collected was analysed using SPSS software and chi square test was applied as test of significance.Results: The households studied were mostly (28.2%) of lower middle class (modified B G Prasad scale). the dengue awareness in the community was fair (44.25%) and satisfactory (46.25) in Likert scale. Awareness regarding household breeding sites of mosquitoes was absolute (100%) but the use of personal protective measures was partial (50%).Conclusions: The knowledge and awareness to stop the mosquito breeding, biting should be enhanced and should be turned into action.
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Background: Obesity is the major cause of various non-communicable diseases including diabetes mellitus, hypertension. The modifiable factors like stress, sedentary life, consumption of soft drinks and fast foods and lack of physical activity are responsible for it. Objective: to find dietary pattern, physical activity and status of overweight and obesity among medical students.Methods: It was a cross sectional observational study conducted on MBBS undergraduates studying in a g medical college at Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Out of nearly 500 medical students studying in different semesters, 300 students were participated in the study though the required sample size was 184 only. Structured questionnaire for interview, calibrated portable weight scale for weight measurement and stadiometer for height measurement were used.Results: The students were categorised into underweight, normal and overweight/obese on the basis of their calculated BMI (body mass index) value as per norms of World health organization for south Asian populations. 26.7% medical students were found to be overweight or obese based on BMI cut off value 23.00 kg/m2. There was lack of inclusion of fresh fruits and green vegetables in regular diet in 50% and nearly 95% of medical students respectively. The low level of physical activity was found in more than 85% of the medical students.Conclusions: The involvement of medical students in physical and sports activities is dire need for their good health.
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Background: As malaria is among the leading public health problems globally as well as in India, early diagnosis and treatment of cases is one of the key interventions for its control and elimination. Present study was done to assess treatment-seeking behaviour and associated factors among malaria suspected patients.Methods: Present study was carried out at urban health and training center, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh. The hospital based prospective study by facility based identification of patients. Study was under taken from 1st Oct 2018 to 31st march 2019. All malaria suspected cases of fever cases who got tested for malaria. Purposive sampling technique. After a pilot study final questionnaire regarding treatment seeking behavior were used to collect information from 285 patients of fever data was analyzed in word excel 2007 using percentage and proportion.Results: In present study we found that out of 285 patients only 54 (18.94%) patient approached health facility within 24 hours. Majority of patient 93(32.63%) adopted self medication practice, 20.00% patient, who did nothing and waited for self resolution of fever. Majority of 39.82% answered mildness of disease as a reason for delay in getting treatment.Conclusions: A low proportion of malaria-suspected patients sought treatment within 24 h of fever onset compared to the national target. Awareness about the advantage early treatment-seeking need to be increased through health education and behavioural change communication.
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Background: Health care workers (HCW) are at risk of an occupational exposure to blood borne diseases like HIV and Hepatitis B through accidental needle stick injuries. This study was conducted to assess the awareness regarding needle prick injuries among health care providers and their exposure to NSIs in a tertiary care medical college hospital with 750 bed capacity.Methods: This cross sectional observational study was conducted on 300 voluntarily participated HCWs out of total 650 HCWs. A semi structured questionnaire was used to assess their knowledge about exposure to blood and body fluids, needle stick injuries and associated risks and post exposure prophylaxis. Details of previous exposures to NSIs in last one year (2017-18) were also asked and their opinion about role and responsibilities of hospital administration for management of NSI was also recorded.Results: More than 90% HCWs were aware of exposure to blood and body fluids, 80.7% were aware of needle stick injuries, all 100% were aware of transmission of HIV and Hepatitis B from NSis and 78% were aware of post exposure prophylaxis. 97 cases of NSIs occurred in last one year which was higher than estimated EPInet data. Injection needle was most commonly (93.8%) involved in causing accidental NSIs.Conclusions: Practice of universal precautions and standard injection procedures by HCWs should be followed and education, training, and group insurance should be provided by hospital administration for prevention of NSIs.
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Introduction: Migraine is a mind essential headache disorderdescribed by intermittent scenes of moderate to seriousthrobbing cerebral pain or a beating sensation enduring 4-72hours, frequently one-sided, regularly connected with cranialautonomic symptoms and symptoms of cutaneous allodynia.The agony is regularly progressively extraordinary in the fronttemporal and ocular regions before spreading to the parietaland occipital territories.Objective: The main purpose of this research is to estimatethe association of migraine level and quality of life.Method: A cross sectional study was conducted on a localheadache clinic, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib MedicalUniversity, Dhaka on 300 patients scheduled for appraisal oftheir problems regarding migraine. The study duration wasfrom June 2018 to November 2018.Results: After numerous information and examinationinvestigation it was found MSQ score for grading migraine issignificantly associated with the level of migraine.Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a significantassociation of migraine level with the quality of life. Thusly it isnecessary to conduct extensive studies on migraine to getbetter solution for the patients to control their pain level.
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Background: Vaccination is one of the most effective disease prevention strategies and potency of vaccine is dependent on effective management of cold chain at all levels of vaccine handling. An effective cold chain maintenance system is the backbone of success of any immunization program. This study was done to assess the cold chain management and vaccine storage practices in Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh.Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out using a structured questionnaire.Results: Dedicated room/space for dry storage not available in any of 03 CHCs. Dedicated table for conditioning of icepacks, dedicated clean clothes for wiping of icepacks after conditioning and power back up was available, ILR and DF were connected to separate functional voltage stabilizer and thermometers were placed correctly only in 66.6% CHCs. ILRs and DFs were properly placed, cabinet temperature of ILR and DFs was maintained in normal range in all the three (100%) CHCs. Record of power failure, records of defrosting/cleaning was maintained in temperature log book and cold chain handlers had knowledge of shake test in only 33.3% CHC.Conclusions: Proper vaccine storage and management of cold chain system is essential for immunization. In order to improve quality of immunization services there is a need of space, temperature monitoring and regular defrosting with record keeping and regular training of cold chain handlers to keep their knowledge and skills updated. Monitoring and supervision of cold chain points by DIO should be on regular basis.
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Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a vector borne parasitic disease caused by lymphatic dwelling nematode parasite. It is one of the world's leading causes of permanent and long-term disability with an estimated 5.1 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) are lost due to this disease. The National Health Policy 2002 aims at Elimination of Lymphatic filariasis by 2015 through Annual Mass Drug Administration (MDA) of single dose of DEC. Objective was to assess coverage and compliance of MDA Program and awareness about lymphatic filariasis in Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh.Methods: Cross-sectional Study was conducted. Total 120 households were surveyed in four selected clusters of Chhatarpur district of MP.Results: Out of total 835 persons only 94.37% persons were eligible and 47 (5.62%) were not eligible for MDA for MDA. Coverage rate was 90.22% and compliance rate was 75.24%. The main reason for non-compliance was not having the concerned disease 34.38 % followed by fear of side effect (24.90%). Only 37.5% among the surveyed families were aware about MDA. Majority of respondent 21 (46.66%) acquired knowledge from health workers.Conclusions: The compliance of MDA program was low and the awareness about the lymphatic filariasis in the study population was limited in Chhatarpur district. Poor compliance of MDA is attributed to inadequate consumption of drugs due to poor awareness among eligible population. For elimination of lymphatic filariasis active involvement of community is very essential. It can be made possible through behavior change communication and health education of people.
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ABSTRACT Men who have sex with men (MSM) can reduce their risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by using various prevention strategies and by understanding the effectiveness of each option over the short- and long-term. Strategies examined were: circumcision; insertive anal sex only; consistent, 100% self-reported condom use; and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). PrEP efficacy was based on three levels of adherence. The cumulative HIV acquisition risk among MSM over periods of 1 year and 10 years were estimated with and without single and combinations of prevention strategies. A Bernoulli process model was used to estimate risk. In the base case with no prevention strategies, the 1-year risk of HIV acquisition among MSM was 8.8%. In contrast, the 1-year risk associated with circumcision alone was 6.9%; with insertive sex only, 5.5%; with 100% self-reported condom use, 2.7%; and with average, high, and very high PrEP adherence, 5.1%, 2.5%, and 0.7%, respectively. The 10-year risk of HIV acquisition among MSM with no prevention strategy was 60.3%. In contrast, that associated with circumcision alone was 51.1%; with insertive sex only, 43.1%; with 100% self-reported condom use, 24.0%; and with average, high, and very high PrEP adherence, 40.5%, 22.2%, and 7.2%, respectively. While MSM face substantial risk of HIV, there are now a number of prevention strategies that reduce risk. Very high adherence to PrEP alone or with other strategies appears to be the most powerful tool for HIV prevention.(AU)
RESUMEN Los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con otros hombres (HSH) pueden reducir su riesgo de contraer el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) si utilizan diversas estrategias de prevención y comprenden la eficacia de cada opción a corto y largo plazo. Las estrategias examinadas fueron: la circuncisión; las relaciones anales insertivas solamente; el 100% de uso sostenido y autonotificado de condones; y la profilaxis preexposición (PrEP). La eficacia de la PrEP se basó en tres niveles de adherencia. Se calculó el riesgo acumulativo de la transmisión del VIH entre los HSH en períodos de 1 y 10 años con a) una única estrategia de prevención, b) sin estrategia de prevención y c) con combinaciones de estrategias de prevención. Se usó un modelo del proceso de Bernoulli para calcular el riesgo. En el caso base sin estrategias de prevención, el riesgo de transmisión del VIH a 1 año entre HSH fue 8,8%. En contraste, el riesgo de 1 año asociado a la circuncisión solamente fue de 6,9%; a las relaciones insertivas solamente fue de 5,5%; al 100% de uso autonotificado de condón, 2,7%; y a la adherencia media, alta y muy alta a la PrEP, 5,1%, 2,5% y 0,7%, respectivamente. El riesgo de transmisión del VIH a los 10 años entre HSH sin estrategia de prevención fue de 60,3%. En contraste, la transmisión asociada a la circuncisión solamente fue de 51,1%; a las relaciones insertivas solamente, 43,1%; al 100% de uso autonotificado de condón, 24,0%; y a la adherencia media, alta y muy alta a la PrEP, 40,5%, 22,2% y 7,2%, respectivamente. Si bien los HSH enfrentan un riesgo sustancial de contraer el VIH, existen ahora varias estrategias de prevención que reducen dicho riesgo. Una adherencia muy alta a la PrEP sola o en combinación con otras estrategias parece ser la herramienta más potente para la prevención de la infección por el VIH.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Condoms , Risk Reduction Behavior , Unsafe Sex , Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
A 17-year-old girl presented with complaints of headache and decreasing vision of one month's duration, without any history of fever, weight loss, or any evidence of an immuno-compromised state. Her neurological examination was normal, except for papilledema. Laboratory investigations were within normal limits, except for a slightly increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). Non-contrast computerized tomography of her head revealed complex mass in left frontal lobe with a concentric, slightly hyperdense, thickened wall, and moderate perilesional edema with mass effect. Differential diagnoses considered in this case were pilocytic astrocytoma, metastasis and abscess. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained in 3.0 Tesla (3.0T) scanner revealed a lobulated outline cystic mass in the left frontal lobe with two concentric layers of T2 hypointense wall, with T2 hyperintensity between the concentric ring. Moderate perilesional edema and mass effect were seen. Post gadolinium study showed a markedly enhancing irregular wall with some enhancing nodular solid component. No restricted diffusion was seen in this mass in diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) showed increased lactate and lipid peaks in the central part of this mass, although some areas at the wall and perilesional T2 hyperintensity showed an increased choline peak without significant decrease in N-acetylaspartate (NAA) level. Arterial spin labelling (ASL) and dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) enhanced perfusion study showed decrease in relative cerebral blood volume at this region. These features in MRI were suggestive of brain abscess. The patient underwent craniotomy with excision of a grayish nodular lesion. Abundant acid fast bacilli (AFB) in acid fast staining, and epithelioid cell granulomas, caseation necrosis and Langhans giant cells in histopathology, were conclusive of tubercular abscess. Tubercular brain abscess is a rare manifestation that simulates malignancy and cause diagnostic dilemma. MRI along with MRS and magnetic resonance perfusion studies, are powerful tools to differentiate lesions in such equivocal cases.
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Adolescent , Female , Humans , Abscess , Astrocytoma , Blood Sedimentation , Blood Volume , Brain Abscess , Brain , Choline , Craniotomy , Diagnosis, Differential , Diffusion , Edema , Epithelioid Cells , Fever , Frontal Lobe , Gadolinium , Giant Cells, Langhans , Granuloma , Head , Headache , Lactic Acid , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Necrosis , Neoplasm Metastasis , Neurologic Examination , Papilledema , Perfusion , Perfusion Imaging , Weight LossABSTRACT
Background: Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare congenital neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by postnatal growth deficiency, typical dysmorphic features, broad thumbs and toes, and mental retardation. Very few cases are reported in literature from developing countries. Diagnosis is often delayed due to non-familiarity with the characteristic features of this syndrome. Aims: To report 11 cases of RSTS and to review the current literature. Settings And Design: Retrospective study conducted in genetic and metabolic unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital in north India over a period of 3½ years. Materials And Methods: 11 patients with diagnosis of RSTS were identified, and their case sheets were reviewed. Results: Developmental delay was presenting complaint in 10 patients, and seizure in 1 case. 7 patients had microcephaly (head circumference below −3 SD), and a prominent beaked nose was seen in 9 patients. The intelligence quotient (IQ) varied from 22-62 in 7 patients who had mental retardation. The most notable features in hands were broadness, shortening, and flattening of the distal phalanx of thumbs or great toes. Additionally, we also noted webbing of neck, microphthalmia, and pachygyria (on MRI brain) in 1 patient each. Conclusions: The diagnosis of RSTS is primarily clinical and based on characteristic phenotype that is often combined with a variety of somatic anomalies. An early diagnosis facilitates appropriate genetic counseling and in planning the management.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Craniofacial Abnormalities/epidemiology , Craniofacial Abnormalities/etiology , Early Diagnosis , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Intellectual Disability/epidemiology , Intellectual Disability/etiology , Intelligence/classification , Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome/diagnosis , Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome/epidemiology , Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome/etiology , Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
Female remating with more than one male leads to coexistence of sperm from different males in the same female, thus creating a selection pressure on sperm. To understand the extent of divergence in the reproductive behaviour among closely related species, in the present study, the influence of first mating histories like mating latency, duration of copulation and age of flies have been analysed on female remating behaviour in closely related Drosophila nasuta subgroup species with varying levels of reproductive isolation. The time taken for the once mated females to remate varied from 7 days in D. s. sulfurigaster to 19 days in D. s. neonasuta after first mating. The female remating frequency varied from a minimum of 29% in D. s. neonasuta to a maximum of 95% in D. s. sulfurigaster. The younger flies, which had remating latency of three times less than aged flies, show 100% remating frequency. In addition, it was observed that the duration of copulation in the first mating influences the remating behaviour among the nasuta subgroup members. The results revealed that D. nasuta subgroup members despite being closely related differ in their reproductive behaviour.
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Traumatic posterior dislocation of hip associated with ipsilateral displaced femoral neck fracture is a rare injury. Moreover, the management of such patients evokes strong views regarding primary replacement or preserving the femoral head. We presented a case of young adult with such an injury. He was operated upon with reduction of the dislocation and fixation of femoral neck fracture with the help of cancellous screws. Two years later, the fracture had united and the patient was asymptomatic. We further proposed the mechanism of injury for such a fracture and discussed the management in the changing trauma scenario of the developing world.
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Adult , Humans , Male , Femoral Neck Fractures , General Surgery , Fracture Fixation, Internal , Hip Dislocation , General SurgeryABSTRACT
The five parameter gamma-Weibull distribution has been introduced by Leipnik and Pearce (2004). Nadarajah and Kotz (2007) have simplified it into four parameter form, using hypergeometric functions in some special cases. We show that the probability distribution function, all moments of positive order and the characteristic function of gamma-Weibull distribution of a random variable can be explicitely expressed in terms of the incomplete confluent Fox-Wright Psi-function, which is recently introduced by Srivastava and Pogány (2007). In the same time, we generalize certain results by Nadarajah and Kotz that follow as special cases of our findings.
A distribuição gamma-Weibull a cinco parâmetros foi introduzida for Leipnik e Pearce (2004). Nadarajah e Kotz (2007) a simplificaram para uma forma a quatro parâmetros usando funções hipergeométricas em alguns casos especiais. Nós mostramos que a função de distribuição cumulativa, todos os momentos de ordem positiva e a função característica da distribuição gamma-Weibull de uma variável randômica pode ser explicitamente expressa em termos da função-Psi de Fox-Wright confluente incompleta, recentemente introduzida por Srivastava and Pogány (2007). Ao mesmo tempo, generalizamos certos resultados de Nadarajah e Kotz que decorrem como casos especiais de nossos achados.
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Forty-four soybean genotypes with different photoperiod response were selected after screening of 1000 soybean accessions under artificial condition and were profiled using 40 SSR and 5 AFLP primer pairs. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) for SSR and AFLP marker systems was 0.507 and 0.120, respectively. Clustering of genotypes was done using UPGMA method for SSR and AFLP and correlation was 0.337 and 0.504, respectively. Mantel's correlation coefficients between Jaccard's similarity coefficient and the cophenetic values were fairly high in both the marker systems (SSR = 0.924; AFLP = 0.958) indicating very good fit for the clustering pattern. UPGMA based cluster analysis classified soybean genotypes into four major groups with fairly moderate bootstrap support. These major clusters corresponded with the photoperiod response and place of origin. The results indicate that the photoperiod insensitive genotypes, 11/2/1939 (EC 325097) and MACS 330 would be better choice for broadening the genetic base of soybean for this trait.
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Male accessory gland secretory protein polymorphism was analysed in natural populations of Drosophila nasuta nasuta and D. sulfurigaster neonasuta for the first time, using SDS-PAGE to score polymorphism of these proteins in 2788 individuals of D. n. nasuta and 2232 individuals of D. s. neonasuta from 12 different populations from southern India. A total of 25 and 18 variant protein phenotypes were identified in D. n. nasuta and D. s. neonasuta, respectively. Protein fractions of group III were more polymorphic than those from groups I and II. The results show that accessory gland secretory proteins show high levels of polymorphism, irrespective of species or habitat. Moreover, we have used the variation in the accessory gland proteins to assess the extent of divergence between the species and to infer their population structure. The study suggests that though both D. n. nasuta and D. s. neonasuta belong to the same subgroup, they differ in population structure, as far as accessory gland protein polymorphism is concerned.