ABSTRACT
Malignant mesenchymal tumors of the breast other than angiosarcoma are extremely rare and comprise <0.5% of breast tumors. Primary chondrosarcoma of the breast is an extremely rare entity and only 10 cases are reported as single case reports in literature until date. A diagnosis of primary mammary sarcoma can be established only after excluding metaplastic carcinomas and malignant phyllodes by extensive sampling for evidence of in situ or invasive carcinoma. Here, we report a primary chondrosarcoma of breast in a 55-yearold lady diagnosed precisely on fi ne-needle aspiration cytology and confi rmed by histopatholigcal examination after total mastectomy. We emphasize on diagnostic diffi culties encountered in cytology smears and discuss differential diagnoses.
ABSTRACT
Ganglion cysts are tumor-like lesions in the soft tissues, generated by mucoid degeneration of the joint capsule, tendon or tendon sheaths on the dorsum of hand, wrist and foot. However, an intratendinous origin for a ganglion cyst is extremely rare. During dissection of the popliteal fossa, a cyst of 2.5 cmx2 cmx0.5 cm was observed in the tendon of right semimembranosus, 3.5 cm above the insertion of the muscle. Contrast X-ray revealed the cyst as not communicating with the knee joint or any adjacent bursae. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of ganglion cyst.
Subject(s)
Diagnosis , Foot , Ganglion Cysts , Hand , Joint Capsule , Knee , Knee Joint , Tendons , WristABSTRACT
Background: A randomized control study was designed to compare postoperative epidural analgesia by preemptive use of epidural administration of local anesthetic- bupivacaine alone and in combination with NMDA blocker- ketamine or calcium channel blocker- diltiazem singly or both in combination . Medhods: Sixty female patients in age group 35-50 yrs with ASA grade I and II, posted for open abdominal hysterectomy were randomly distributed in four groups after ethical committee approval and written consent. They were given epidurally 0.4 ml /kg of 0.5 % Bupivacaine in Control group, 0.4 ml /kg of 0.5 % Bupivacaine + Ketamine 5mg in BK group , 0.4 ml /kg of 0.5 % Bupivacaine + Diltiazem 10 mg in BD group and 0.4 ml /kg of 0.5 % Bupivacaine + Ketamine 5 mg + Diltiazem 10 mg in BKD group. Results: BK group had significant pain free period (8.8 ± 1.37) post operatively as compared to rest three groups (P < 0.01). BD group (5.8 ± 0.94) also had comparable pain relief.BKgroup needed three to four number of top-up's in first 24 hours (3.37 ± 0.46) where as BD group needed five to seven number of top-up's in next 24 hours (5.93 ± 0.70) (P < 0.01). BK group and BKD group patients were sedated resulting in reduced number of top-ups required in first 24 hours. Conclusion: Ketamine and diltiazem were found to be synergetic with bupivacaine for preemptive epidural analgesia. Diltiazem was better option over ketamine when sedation is not desirable.