ABSTRACT
Superoxide radicals cause damage to cell by inhibiting some critical enzyme activities of the cell, lipid peroxidation in the membranes and DNA damage. Superoxide dismutases (SOD) play a critical role in regulating the oxidative stress and heat stress. As SOD regulates cell defense during heat stress, therefore the present study was designed to analyse the SOD activity in lactating animals and in growing kids of Jamunapari goats during peak heat stress period. Heat stress susceptible and tolerant phenotypes were identified based on distribution of respiration rate (RR) and heart rate (HR), the animals exhibiting RR ≥50 and HR ≥130 are recognised as heat stress susceptible (HSS) phenotype and RR ≤30 and HR ≤100 individuals are recognized as heat stress tolerant (HST) in adult goats during heat stress period. SOD activity (Inhibition percent) was 31.63% and 36.92% in lactating goats and kids at 9 months of age, respectively. Sex and birth type had significant effect (P <0.01) on SOD activity at 9 months of age of growing kids. Males had lower SOD activity than females at 9 month of age. The SOD activity of heat stress susceptible (HSS) individuals was significantly higher (P <0.01) than heat stress tolerant (HST) animals in lactating goats. There was no significant difference (P> 0.01) observed in SOD activity of kids on a within HSS and HST phenotype. Heat stress tolerant individuals had lower SOD activity than heat stress susceptible individuals during lactating stage. SOD play significant role during lactating condition as compared to growth stage in Jamunapari goats.
ABSTRACT
In total hip arthroplasty (THA), the accurate positioning of implants is the key to achieve a good clinical outcome. Computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery (CAOS) has been developed for more accurate positioning of implants during the THA. There are passive, semi-active, and active systems in CAOS for THA. Navigation is a passive system that only provides information and guidance to the surgeon. There are 3 types of navigation: imageless navigation, computed tomography (CT)-based navigation, and fluoroscopy-based navigation. In imageless navigation system, a new method of registration without the need to register the anterior pelvic plane was introduced. CT-based navigation can be efficiently used for pelvic plane reference, the functional pelvic plane in supine which adjusts anterior pelvic plane sagittal tilt for targeting the cup orientation. Robot-assisted system can be either active or semi-active. The active robotic system performs the preparation for implant positioning as programmed preoperatively. It has been used for only femoral implant cavity preparation. Recently, program for cup positioning was additionally developed. Alternatively, for ease of surgeon acceptance, semi-active robot systems are developed. It was initially applied only for cup positioning. However, with the development of enhanced femoral workflows, this system can now be used to position both cup and stem. Though there have been substantial advancements in computer-assisted THA, its use can still be controversial at present due to the steep learning curve, intraoperative technical issues, high cost and etc. However, in the future, CAOS will certainly enable the surgeon to operate more accurately and lead to improved outcomes in THA as the technology continues to evolve rapidly.