ABSTRACT
Kinases are a class of enZymes that catalyZe the transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy molecule to their substrates ( i.e., phosphorylation ).Kinase-induced intracellular phosphorylation plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes including metabolism, cell signaling, protein regulation, DNA replication and repair.Consequently, kinases have become potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and drug discovery, and the development of simple and sensitive methods for kinase assay is highly desirable.In this review, we summariZe the recent advances in kinase assays with protein kinase A (PKA), casein kinase-2 ( CKⅡ) and T4 polynucleotide kinase ( T4 PNK) as the models.We focus on the newly emerging methods for kinase assays including fluorescent, single-molecule detection, colorimetric, chemiluminescent, bioluminescent, and electrochemical and photoelectrochemical methods.Furthermore, we give a new insight into the future direction of kinase assays.