Protease inhibitors as a potential agent against visceral Leishmaniasis: A review to inspire future study

Abstract Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sandfly which carries the intracellular protozoa in their midgut. Among visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral type that is caused by Leishmania donovani is the most lethal one. Findings of leishmanial structure and species took place in 19th century and was initiated by Donovan. Leishmaniasis is still a major concern of health issues in many endemic countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. Worldwide1.5-2 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis are reported each year. Leishmaniasis is endemic in nearly 90 countries worldwide and close to 12 million new cases of leishmaniasis are reported worldwide annually. Studies on antileishmanial drug development is of major concern as leishmaniasis are the second largest parasitic killer in the world and the available drugs are either toxic or costly. The major surface GP63 protease, also known as Zinc- metalloproteases present on the surface of leishmanial promastigotes, can be targeted for drug development. Protease inhibitors targeting such surface proteases show promising results. Different protease inhibitors have been isolated from marine actinobacteria against many infectious diseases. Metabolites produced by these actinobacteria may have greater importance for the discovery and development of new antileishmanial drugs. Hence, this review discusses the background, current situation, treatment, and protease inhibitors from marine actinobacteria for drug development against GP63 molecules.

Anti-Histone H3.3 G34W antibody is a sensitive and highly specific immunohistochemistry marker for the diagnosis of Giant cell tumor of bone. A validation based on analysis of 198 cases from a single centre in India

Context: The diagnosis of giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is difficult in small biopsies with unusual age of presentation, location, and extensive secondary changes. Most of the GCTBs harbor H3F3A G34W mutations with a subset of cases showing alternate G34V, G34R, and G34L mutations. Objectives: To analyze the expression of anti-histone H3.3G34W antibody in different cellular components of GCTB across different locations and presentations (including the unusual ones) and validate the utility of this antibody in the diagnosis of GCTB and differentiate it from the other osteoclast-like giant-cell-rich lesions. Design: Immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-histone H3.3G34W antibody in the diagnosed cases of GCTB (136 cases of GCTB from 133 patients, including two malignant GCTBs) and other giant cell-containing lesions (62 cases). The presence of unequivocal crisp nuclear staining was considered positive. Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed unequivocal nuclear positivity in the mononuclear cells in 87.3% of the cases of GCTB. Of these, most showed diffuse expression with moderate to strong intensity staining. The positive staining was restricted to the nuclei of mononuclear cells with the nuclei of osteoclastic giant cells being distinctly negative. In addition to conventional GCTBs, two cases each of multicentric and malignant GCTB showed positive staining. The other giant-cell containing lesions were distinctly negative. The present study showed a sensitivity of 87.3% with specificity and positive predictive value of 100%. Conclusion: The anti-histone G34W antibody is a highly sensitive and specific marker for the diagnosis of GCTB and differentiating it from its mimics. The positive staining is restricted to the mononuclear cell component of GCTB with sparing the osteoclastic giant cells further reiterating the fact that the mononuclear stromal cells are the true neoplastic component of GCTB.

Assessing The Anxiety Levels Among Mbbs Students During Covid-19 Lockdown

Introduction: The outbreak of COVID-19, which started in China in December 2019, has spread around the entire world. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdowns have been implemented in numerous countries around the world. On 23 March 2020, India went into Nation-wide lockdown. Schools, Colleges & Universities were closed nationwide. The disruption in academics, daily routines and isolation had a deeply negative impact on students, making them extremely vulnerable to mental health issues like mood and anxiety disorders and depression. The main aim of this study is toAim: assess the level of anxiety among MBBS students during the COVID-19 lockdown. A cross-sectionalMethodology: online survey was conducted on 632 MBBS Students. A survey invitation through Google Forms was sent to students via WhatsApp & was assured regarding the confidentiality of their responses. Anxiety levels were assessed using Zung's self-rating anxiety scale (SAS). Results: Out of 632 Students, 24.07% of students experienced mild to moderate levels of Anxiety, 6.48% of students experienced Marked to Severe Levels of Anxiety and 0.92% of Students experienced Extreme levels of Anxiety. Gender wise nearly 46.54% of female students and 16% of male students experienced different levels of anxiety. Academic Year wise 57.13% 1st MBBS, 7.69% 2nd MBBS, 11.53% Final MBBS Part 1 & 53.56% Final MBBS Part 2 students experienced different levels of anxiety. Gender, Academic Year wereConclusion: significantly associated with anxiety levels. Predominant stressors were online learning & uncertainty related to their academic performance.

Anti pathogenic studies of new mixed ligand metal chelates

Drug discovery aimed at the methodical extermination of life-threatening bacterial infection, especially considering the emergence of multi-drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria has remained a challenge for medicinal inorganic chemistry. In this article, the mixed ligand complexes of Cu (II), Co (II), and Ni (II) containing heterocyclic ligands were synthesized and characterized by IR, LC-MS, UV, and TG-DTA. Complexes are screened for Anti-microbial activity against human pathogenic bacteria.

Establishing links between assessments and expected learning outcomes through curriculum mapping in a dental physiology curriculum

Background. The relevance of curriculum mapping to determine the links between expected learning outcomes and assessment is well stated in the literature. Nevertheless, studies confirming the usage of such maps are minimal. Methods. We assessed links through curriculum mapping, between assessments and expected learning outcomes of dental physiology curriculum of three batches of students (2012–14) at Melaka-Manipal Medical College (MMMC), Manipal. The questions asked under each assessment method were mapped to the respective expected learning outcomes, and students’ scores in different assessments in physiology were gathered. Students’ (n = 220) and teachers’ (n=15) perspectives were collected through focus group discussion sessions and questionnaire surveys. Results. More than 75% of students were successful (?50% scores) in majority of the assessments. There was moderate (r=0.4–0.6) to strong positive correlation (r=0.7–0.9) between majority of the assessments. However, students’ scores in viva voce had a weak positive correlation with the practical examination score (r=0.230). The score in the assessments of problem-based learning had either weak (r=0.1–0.3) or no correlation with other assessment scores. Conclusions. Through curriculum mapping, we were able to establish links between assessments and expected learning outcomes. We observed that, in the assessment system followed at MMMC, all expected learning outcomes were not given equal weightage in the examinations. Moreover, there was no direct assessment of self-directed learning skills. Our study also showed that assessment has supported students in achieving the expected learning outcomes as evidenced by the qualitative and quantitative data.

Curcumin encapsulated dual cross linked sodium alginate/montmorillonite polymeric composite beads for controlled drug delivery / 药物分析学报

The aim of the present work is fabrication of dual cross linked sodium alginate(SA)/montmorillonite(MMT)microbeads as a potential drug vehicle for extended release of curcumin(CUR).The microbeads were prepared using in situ ion-exchange followed by simple ionotropic gelation technique.The developed beads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray diffraction(X-RD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The effect of MMT on encapsulation efficiency of CUR and intercalation ki-netics was investigated.Dynamic swelling study and in vitro release study were investigated in simu-lated intestinal fluid(pH 7.4)and simulated gastric fluid(pH 1.2)at 37℃.Results suggested that both the swelling and in vitro release studies were influenced by the pH of test media,which might be suitable for intestinal drug delivery.The release mechanism was analyzed by fitting the release data into Korsmeyer-Peppas equation.

Three-dimensional Imaging of Congenital Hemifacial Hypertrophy: A Case Report

ABSTRACT Hemihypertrophy or hemihyperplasia is a condition in which there is asymmetrical overgrowth of the cranium, face, trunk, and limbs on one side of the body. It is characterized by hyperplasia of tissues rather than a hypertrophy. It is more commonly seen in females than in males and usually has the right side of the face involved. It may be an isolated finding or may be associated with a variety of syndromes. We report here a case of isolated non-syndromic right facial hemihypertrophy associated with diffuse warty pigmentation on the right side of the face, which is rarely reported. The clinical features, various radiological and imaging findings, and differential diagnoses to be considered are discussed in this case report.

A Case Study On Fournier’s Gangrene In An Epileptic Patient With The Emergence Of Antibiotic Resistance In Bacteria

Fournier's gangrene is rare necrotizing soft tissue infection affecting the perianal, perineal, and genital areas. The mean age of the reported cases was found to be at 55 y, predominantly in men. It occurs due to insufficient blood supply to the affected areas, along with the presence of an infection. Delay in the treatment is associated with a higher mortality rate, up to 90%, as the condition might progress to septic shock and other complications. Treatment requires urgent surgical debridement of all the necrotic tissue along with high doses of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy is to be initiated as soon as possible until the results of the culture cause modifications in the therapy.

A Novel Validated Uhplc Method For Estimation Of Assay And Its Related Substances Of Trichostatin-A

Objective: The main objective of the research work is to develop and validate a rapid UHPLC method for the estimation of assay and its related substances of Trichostatin A (TSA) in pharmaceutical samples. Methods: The UHPLC method developed for chromatographic separation between TSA and its related compounds on Poroshell 120 SB C18(50×4.6) mm; 2.7 µm RRLC column using Agilent RRLC (UHPLC) system with linear gradient elution. Results: The developed UHPLC method has shown excellent chromatographic separation between TSA and its related compounds within 12 min run time, during validation experiments, specificity study revealed that the peak threshold was more than the peak purity and no purity flag was observed. Repeatability, intra, and inter-day precision results were well within the tolerable limits. Limits of detection concentrations were found between 0.075 to 0.077 ppm and the limit of quantitation is between 0.252 to 0.258 ppm for related compounds and TSA. The related substances method recoveries were found between 80 and 120 % and assay method recovery was found between 98.0 to 102.0%. Conclusion: The developed method capability was proven for the assay of TSA and its related compounds in pharmaceutical samples and the method shows eco-friendlier than routine, conventional HPLC methods in terms of analysis time, cost and HPLC effluent waste.

Right Sided Haemorrhagic Pleural Effusion Secondary to Pancreatitis

A 28-year-old male patient, painter by occupation came to the department of pulmonology of Rajarajeswari Medical College, Kambipura, Karnataka, with complaints of right sided chest pain since 4 months, dry cough since one month and loss of appetite with significant weight loss. The patient was a chronic alcoholic and a non-smoker. History revealed that he was admitted in a primary health care centre for one week with similar complaints 3 months back and chest radiographs were taken. The radiograph showed right sided massive pleural effusion for which diagnostic thoracocentesis was done, which revealed haemorrhagic fluid. Pleural fluid analysis showed lymphocytic predominance; there after, repeated thoracocentesis was done in the same primary health centre and up to 5 litres of haemorrhagic pleural fluid was aspirated. Routine blood reports were within normal limits.

Serum magnesium levels in attention deficit hyperactive disorder in 6-17 years age group: a study in tertiary care center

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood and one of among the most prevalent chronic health conditions affecting school-age children. Magnesium is a crucial mineral and appropriate levels in the body are essential for normal cognitive function and mental health. Seventy-two to 96% of those diagnosed with ADHD have been found to be significantly deficient in magnesium. Studies have shown that in these patients, supplementation with magnesium improves attention and working memory and decreases anxiety, depression and emotional dysregulation. Objective of the study was to measure the serum levels of magnesium in children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder and to assess the relation between serum Magnesium levels and Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD).Methods: The study was conducted at Niloufer Institute of Child Health, which is tertiary care referral hospital and a teaching institute, affiliated under the esteemed Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad. Ethical committee clearance was taken before conducting the study, 50 cases of ADHD are selected from the outpatient department of the Psychiatry clinic for children and adolescents. And 50 controls are also selected for this study. Serum magnesium levels are assessed in both groups.Results: In ADHD group children with serum Magnesium level <1.5 meq/L are 24% whereas in control group it is 6%. When subgroups were analyzed, 25% of hyperactive ADHD group, 18.75% of inattentive ADHD group and 27.27% of combined ADHD group had serum magnesium levels of less than 1.5 meq/l.Conclusions: The study suggest that there is deficiency of magnesium in ADHD children when compared to healthy controls. Further, the study also recommends that further research is needed to help to identify the etiology, impact, and possible therapeutic implications of magnesium status in ADHD.

A fatal case of primary melioidotic prostatic abscess: the peril of poor drug compliance

@#Primary prostatic melioidosis is a rare presentation of melioidosis even in melioidosis endemic areas. We report a case of a 58-year-old man with underlying diabetes mellitus who presented with a 5-day history of high-grade fever associated with lower urinary tract symptoms. Suprapubic tenderness and tender prostatomegaly were noted on examination. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the presence of a prostatic abscess. Both blood and prostatic pus cultures grew Burkholderia pseudomallei. He was initially started on intravenous ceftazidime, followed by an escalation to intravenous meropenem. He was discharged home with oral amoxicillin-clavulanate and doxycycline after completing 12 days of meropenem. Unfortunately, his compliance to oral antibiotic therapy was poor, and he succumbed to the disease.

Morphometric analysis and sexual dimorphism of hyoid bone in telangana population

Introduction: Determination of sex is of crucial importance in forensic investigations, when only a part of thebody or skeletal remains are available. The present study focussed on the sexual dimorphism of hyoid bone inTelangana population by using morphometric analysis.Materials and methods: The present study was carried out on a total of 60 hyoid bones in which 30 were of maleand 30 were of female individuals. The bones were obtained from the department of Anatomy, Osmania MedicalCollege and Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. Damaged and deformed bones were excluded, andonly fully intact bones were included in the study. Lengths of greater horns, lengths of lesser horns, total hyoidlength, and distance between distal ends of right and left greater horns, width of the body, length of the body andthe thickness of the body of hyoid bone were measured by using sliding calipers.Results: All parameters showed significant difference between the male and female groups. The measurements ofall the parameters were significantly higher in males than in females.Conclusion: All parameters used in the present study confirmed sexual dimorphism in hyoid bone. Hence, hyoidbone can be considered in forensic investigations or anthropological studies to determine the sex of an individual.

A Case Study on Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Management and Outcome.

Background: Pseudo Tumor Cerebri (PTC), also knownby the name Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH),is a disorder with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) andassociated headache, nausea, vomiting, transient visualobscuration, double-vision, and visual field defects.Material and methods: Thirty-four cases of idiopathicintracranial hypertension reported to our institute, all reportedpeople are female, and all are over twenty years of age, witha diagnosis of IIH according to the Modified dandy criteriawere included and treated medically with oral acetazolamideat a dose of 500 mg/day.Results: All patients are started on oral acetazolamide 250 mgtwice daily; all patients got resolved of fundus changes andnerve palsy with the therapy within three months of follow up.Conclusions: In this study, administration of low doses ofacetazolamide 250mg twice daily for a duration of 3 monthsfor all the patients, and there were no signs of recurrenceafter cessation of acetazolamide and in the further followup. Acetazolamide plays an important role in cases of IIH forits best outcome. Early diagnosis and early treatment withacetazolamide gave good outcomes in all cases of IdiopathicIntracranial Hypertension.

Level of physical activity, determinants and barriers to motivate physical activities among south Indian diabetic patients: a prospective, questionnaire based study

Background: Several clinical trials have been reported that sedentary lifestyle modification including physical activity (PA) and weight loss significantly alters the sort-term as well as long-term incidence of diabetes. The present study explored the level of physical activity and its barriers among south Indian naïve patients who are attending the tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: A prospective observational, questionnaire-based study. Patients with diabetes (both Type-1 and 2) who were attended diabetic clinic in the Department of General Medicine, Maharaja Institute of Medical Sciences (MIMS), Vijayanagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India was selected and recruited. Demographic data, clinical data were collected from the study participants. International Physical Activity questionnaire was used to determine each patient level of physical activity (PA). Physical activity is graded into low (<600 metabolic equivalent (MET)), moderate (600-3000 MET) and high (>3000 MET).Results: A total of 300 subjects were completed the entire study. Majority (62.7%) of the patients were suffering from Type-2 diabetes mellitus. Both male and female study subjects had low physical activity (70.5% and 74.1%) and moderate PA was seen in only one thirds of the patients. Patients with low physical activity had low glycaemic control compared to patients who were involved in moderate PA. Moderate PA patients had adequate glycaemic control (65.9 vs 34.1%, P <0.001). A total of 42.0% of subjects were suffering from one of the joint pains and friction joints, due to the following reason subjects were not involved in the PA.Conclusions: Low level of physical activity was observed in the study population, which is a risk factor for several micro-vascular complications over a period of time. It is very important to address the barriers of PA and vigorous counselling is needed which directs towards increasing PA.

A Randomized Clinical Trial Of Rasapushpadi Malahara On Vicharchika W.s.r. To Eczema

Skin disorders are most common occurring diseases in places where humidity prevails throughout the year. Vicharchika and Eczema both having resemblance in set of their clinical signs. Rasapushpadi Malhara (RPM) is Rasa preparation described in Rasa tarangini which is indicated in some skin disorders like Phirang, Vrna, Vicharchaika etc. In present study two samples of Rasa Pushpa (RP) has been prepared by two methods i.e. Kupipakva method and Damru yantra method. Both the samples were further used to prepare two samples of Rasapushpadi Malhara using Siktha taila as base and ratio of Siktha & Til taila was taken in ratio of 1: 5 according to the season. The randomized control clinical trial was carried out in between two groups. Both groups showed significant results on different clinical parameters like Kandu, Daha, Srava, Rukshta, Pidika, Vaivaranyata, Pidika, Raji, but group B showed highly significant result in EASI Score, which indicates severity of eczema. Level of significance in Group B for EASI Score is, P<0.00001. Rasapushpadi Malahara is very potent in treatment of Vicharchika as it contains mineral and herbal drugs like Parada, Kasisa, Saindhava, Sphatika, Wax, Tila taila, all having good antibacterial and antifungal properties. So this formulation showed significant results only by external application.

Effect of statins treatment on glycemic status and development of new onset diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care teaching hospital: a cross sectional study

Background: Several observational studies, well controlled randomized trials and meta-analyses reported that patients treated with statins has high risk of new onset diabetes mellitus (NODM), but the exact incidence and mechanism is still unclear and controversy. The present study was planned to find out the incidence of prediabetes and NODM and possible mechanism of action.Methods: This was a prospective, cross‑sectional study carried out at the Department of General Medicine for a period of one and half year between August 2017 and February 2019. Normoglycemic patients whose fasting blood glucose levels below 100 mg/dL and at least one year of treatment with statins were recruited in the study. Glycaemic status, development of prediabetes and NODM and insulin resistance were the primary outcomes whereas lipid profile, adverse drug effects of statins were secondary outcomes. Collected data was analysed by suitable statistical methods.Results: A total of 146 patients were recruited and 120 completed the entire study. Mean fasting blood glucose levels before initiation of statin therapy was 89.45±10.21. After one year of statin therapy, patients were separated as prediabetics and new onset diabetics and there mean fasting blood glucose levels were 116.24±12.86 (n=10) and 152.44±20.12 (n=12) respectively. A total of 12 (10.0%) patients were developed NODM and 10 (8.2%) patients developed prediabetes at the end of statin therapy. Atorvastatin 40mg was most frequency prescribed statin followed by Atorvastatin 20mg. A total of 70 (58.3%) study participants developed mild to moderate drug related adverse effects (ADRs), statin‑induced myalgia (55.7%) was the most common ADR.Conclusions: Patients treatment with statins had developed prediabetes and NODM. Atorvastatin 40mg and greater dose significantly induced NODM. Fasting blood glucose levels should be measured periodically with prescription contains higher doses of statins

Clinicoepidemiology, clinical profile and outcome of venomous snake bite in children in Konaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, India

Background: Venomous snake bite is an acute medical emergency, and children are more quickly and severely affected than adult. Venomous snake bite is responsible for 28.5 deaths per 1000 snake bite death among 5-15years old children. Most of them used to be from rural India and is more common in school going children. But there is no study regarding clinic epidemiology and treatment outcome among pediatric age group in this part of Andhra Pradesh. This retrospective descriptive has been conducted to evaluate the clinic epidemiology, clinical presentation, complication and treatment outcome in snake bite in pediatric patients in our set up.Methods: Present study is a retrospective, descriptive study conducted in the department of paediatrics Konaseema institute of medical science Amalapuram Andhra Pradesh, between 2006 to September 2018. This study protocol is approved by the institutional ethics committee. All the clinical parameters like, age, sex, season of bite, time of bite, socio economic statue, region, site, common clinical presentation, complications, reaction to ASV outcome of treatment were obtained from patient's case record and was analysed.Results: In present study total 166 snake bite patient case records were evaluated, out of this 166 snake bite cases, 28 bites were by unknown snakes. Demographic profile of patient shows that out of 70 cases, 49 cases were in male child and 21 cases were in female child. Regarding clinical profile of the children with snake bite as mentioned in Table 3, local pain was present in (n=70) 100 % patients. Local blending was presenting symptom in 64.28 %(n=45) patients.Conclusions: From present study authors conclude that snake bite in children is more common among school going children, during monsoon and post monsoon, and in rural area. In our region vasculotoxic snake envanomation is more common and presented with cellulitis which required surgical intervention in most of circumstances. In neurotoxic envenomation some patient developed respiratory paralysis which required ventilatory support.

Prospective study of spectrum, clinico-epidemiology, profile complication and outcome of pesticide poisoning in children

Background: Konaseema region of Andhra Pradesh is a rural area having well irrigated lands and rice fields. Agriculture is the major some of income, and pesticide use is high.' As per one report of deccan chronicle (a daily newspaper) Andhra Pradesh and Telangana accounts for 24% share of pesticide consumption in the country. Pediatric pesticide poisoning is under reported in India as well. In this background resent study has been designed to study clinic-epidemiology, profile, complication and treatment outcome of pesticide poisoning in Konaseema region of Andhra Pradesh.Methods: In present study clinico-epidemiology, clinical profile, complication and outcome of the patient admitted in the Department of Emergency medicine and Paediatric were evaluated over a period of 12years.Results: Most of the children were above 5years of age that is 74.0% (n=40), rest were below 5years of age. Male children out numbered female children and accounted for 77.78% (n=42). Accidental poisoning was more than suicidal poisoning that is 94.59% of the patients. 9.35% patient (n=5) developed respiratory failure and required ventilator support. Non-carcinogenic pulmonary edema was present in 8 (14.81%) patients. Four patients have atropine toxicity, electrolyte in balance was found in 7.4% (n=4) patients. Acute kidney injury was present in two patients, 5.5% (n=3) patients developed cardiac arrhythmia.Conclusions: Chlorpyrifos was common agent which is responsible for poisoning most common complication in our patients were respiratory complications which required ventilatory support. Lack of information, improper disposal of container, non-existence of training and regulation is supported to the cause of accidental exposure of pesticide to paediatric patients.

Analysis of spontaneously reported cutaneous adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India

Background: Skin is the most common organ involved in adverse reactions due to drugs. With newer drugs released into market every year, there is changing pattern of the reported cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs). In order to ensure safer use of medicines in patients, there is need for continuous monitoring of ADRs. This is a retrospective study to analyse spontaneously reported cutaneous ADRs.Methods: All the cutaneous ADRs reported between January 2017 and September 2018 were analysed for clinical patterns, suspected medications, causality, severity and preventability.Results: Of the 1035 reports received during the study period, 232 (22.41%) included cutaneous reactions. 113 (48.7%) were male and 119 (51.29%) were female. Maculopapular rash 70 (30.17%), pruritus 31 (13.36%), palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia 30 (12.93%), acne 19 (8.19%), urticaria 16 (6.89%) and fixed drug eruptions (FDE) 13 (5.6%) were the common clinical patterns. Antimicrobial agents followed by anticancer drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormones and related drugs, and antiepileptic drugs were the common suspected group of drugs. Causality assessment as done by WHO-UMC scale showed that 3 (1.29%) were certainly related, 174 (75%) were probably related and 55 (23.7%) were possibly related to the suspected medication.Conclusions: Cutaneous ADRs are most frequently reported ADRs in the present study. With newer drugs released into market, there is a need for continuous monitoring of use of drugs to promote safer use of medicines in patients.