ABSTRACT
Boswellia serrata is a widely used herb in Indian systems of medicine and is well known for its potential medicinal properties. A chromatographic method was developed for the analysis and quantification of six boswellic acid marker compounds, i.e., keto boswellic acid (1), 3-O-Acetyl 11-keto β-boswellic acid (2), ɑ-Boswellic acid (3), β-Boswellic acid (4), 3-O-Acetyl-ɑ-boswellic acid (5) and 3-O-Acetyl-β-boswellic acid (6) in commercial herbal products containing B. serrata as an ingredient. Combining UPLC with Q-Tof-MS/MS makes the better identification of secondary metabolites and adulterants in the herbal formulations containing B. serrata in rapid time using fragmentation approach than the traditional approaches. In this study quantification of boswellic acids with UPLC-PDA method was performed as per the pharmacopeia guidelines. Furthermore, minor phytochemical constituents were identified and characterized with the help of LC-Q-Tof-MS/MS fragmentation data and various isoforms of boswellic acids and tirucallic acids in B. serrata oleo-gum-resin extract were identified.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim was to develop a reliable and valid psychosocial measure of self-perception of health in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Item analysis and factor analyses were done in order to stabilize and establish principal components of the questionnaire. Reliability (internal consistency aspect) was established using Chronbach's alpha method. Concurrent and discriminant validities were established using conventional methods. RESULTS: Factor analysis yielded 12 significant factors (eigen value > or =1), but first six components were retained based on Scree test. These six principal varimax factors explain 49.7% of variance of psychosocial measure of self-perception of health. CONCLUSIONS: The final version after all these psychometric procedures had 27 items with six principal components. They were appropriately named as follow: (I) Positive self-feeling; (II) Sociality; (III) Attention seeking; (IV) Feel healthy; (V) Worry about health; (VI) Dependence. Total variance explained is 49.7%.
Subject(s)
Attitude to Health/ethnology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ethnology , Female , Humans , India , Male , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Self Concept , Sickness Impact ProfileABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the direct cost burden of diabetic patients with foot complications. METHODS: An illustrative sample of 270 subjects with type two diabetes were seen at the clinic selected for the study. Among them 164 were without any complication (Group I) and 106 patients were with foot complications (Group II). In the latter group 83 (Group IIA) required in-patient (IP) care and 23 (Group IIB) required out-patient (OP) care. Annual expenses on medical care were estimated by a questionnaire method. Validation of the questionnaire data was verifying the amount spent by checking up the bills. RESULT: Group I spent Rs.4373 (US $ 104 Approx.), Group II spent Rs.15450 (US $ 343 Approx.), Group IIA spent Rs.7200 (US $ 171 Approx.) and Group IIB spent Rs.16910 (US $ 403 Approx.) in the study year. In the total sample of 270 subjects 61% were without foot problems, 22% had foot problems requiring OP treatment only (Group IIA), and 78% had foot problems requiring IP treatment (Group IIB). CONCLUSION: Group IIB spent significantly greater percentage of their income than Group IIA, and both groups spent greater percentage of their income than Group I. All differences were statistically significant.
Subject(s)
Cost of Illness , Diabetic Foot/economics , Direct Service Costs , Female , Humans , India , Male , Middle Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
AIM: To study the economic burden of management of diabetes in patients with foot complications, as a large number of them suffer from foot complications of varying severity. This study relates to direct cost to diabetic patients with foot complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An illustrative sample of 270 Type 2 diabetic subjects, 164 without foot complications (Control group, Group 1) and 106 with foot complications (Group 2) were studied. They were available for the study during a six month period from January to June 1998. Group 2 had two sub-groups, i.e., those who needed out-patient (OP) treatment only (n = 23) and those who needed treatment in the hospital (HP) (n = 83). The study subjects were interviewed personally by the educator to collect demographic data and treatment expenditure. RESULTS: Total median expenditure incurred by the diabetic subjects without foot complications (Group 1) was Rs. 4373/- and by those with foot complications (Group 2) was Rs. 15,450/-. Patients who required hospitalised treatment incurred higher expenses than the OP patients, towards doctor's fees and hospitalisation (P < 0.0001). The percent of total income spent by the HP patients was higher than by the OP patients (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic subjects with foot problems incur very heavy expenditure in the treatment process. Most of the direct costs of diabetes treatment results from its complications. The hospitalisation costs for the complications of diabetes are particularly heavy. This underscores the need to reduce complications and also their economic burden.
Subject(s)
Cost of Illness , Diabetes Complications , Diabetes Mellitus/economics , Diabetic Foot/economics , Female , Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data , Humans , India , Male , Middle Aged , Social ClassABSTRACT
The strength of Indian society lies in its social, cultural and religious infrastructure. This feature needs to be utilized for appropriate intervention in life styles of people for effective prevention of dental diseases, all of which are dependent, on life style, to a large extent.
Subject(s)
Community Health Workers/statistics & numerical data , Cultural Characteristics , Fluorides/administration & dosage , Health Education, Dental , Health Promotion/methods , Humans , India , Life Style , Sodium Chloride/chemistryABSTRACT
Intraperitonial administration of 10 mg fluoride (NaF)/kg body weight resulted in hyperglycemia in rats. Role of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in this hyperglycemic response was evaluated. Results of the study indicate that the fluoride induced hyperglycemia is mainly due to increased hepatic glycogenolysis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Gluconeogenesis/drug effects , Hydrolysis , Liver Glycogen/metabolism , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Sodium Fluoride/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Potential-dependent calcium channels have been studied in the isolated rabbit jejunum. A biphasic response was observed, a transient and rapid contraction followed by partial relaxation and a sustained contraction attaining a plateau state. These are similar to the phasic and tonic responses observed in the isolated smooth muscles of other species. Both the responses are susceptible to blockade by the calcium antagonists bepridil, diltiazem, nifedipine, PN 200-110 (isradipine), and verapamil. Two calcium pools or the presence of two channels affecting the two responses are proposed.
Subject(s)
Animals , Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology , Calcium Channels/drug effects , Female , Jejunum/drug effects , Male , Membrane Potentials , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Potassium Chloride/pharmacology , RabbitsABSTRACT
Humoral responses in M. leprae infected mice were studied through 52 weeks and were found to be directly related to the bacterial load. However, treatment with dapsone (DDS) in the last 12 weeks of infection resulted in an initial enhancement of the humoral responses followed by a gradual decrease, though they were still significantly high at the end of the study.
Subject(s)
Animals , Antibody Formation , Dapsone/blood , Immunoglobulin G/analysis , Leprosy/blood , MiceABSTRACT
Serum estimations of immunoglobulins, complement components and their presence in circulating immune complexes were carried out in 39 Lepromatous, 44 ENL and 22 Post ENL leprosy patients. Serum IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C4 levels were determined by single radial immunodiffusion. Serum immune complexes were precipitated with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C4 were estimated by single radial immunodiffusion and expressed as % of precipitation of their serum level. Decreased IgG, IgM; increased IgA and C3; and no change in C4 levels are observed in ENL than Lepromatous and Post ENL patients. However, a gradual insignificant reduction of IgG, IgA, and IgM was found from Lepromatous to ENL and Post ENL patients in the PEG-precipitates. Similarly, C3 and C4 was found reduced insignificantly in ENL than Lepromatous and Post ENL patients. The significance of these estimations in relation to immune status of ENL reactions are discussed.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Antigen-Antibody Complex/analysis , Complement C3/analysis , Complement C4/analysis , Complement System Proteins/analysis , Erythema Nodosum/immunology , Humans , Immunodiffusion , Immunoglobulin A/analysis , Immunoglobulin G/analysis , Immunoglobulin M/analysis , Immunoglobulins/analysis , Leprosy, Lepromatous/immunology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Enumeration of sub-population of T cells with receptors for Fc portion of Ig G (Tr) and Fc portion of Ig M (Tu) and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of 39 Lepromatous, 44 ENL and 22 Post ENL patients were undertaken. ENL patients showed significant decreased Tr cell percentage than Lepromatous and Post ENL patients. Although T mu cell percentage was lowered in ENL patients, a relatively elevated T mu/Tr ratio was found than Lepromatous and Post ENL patients indicating elevation of helper activity in ENL. B cells did not register any change in the three stages.