ABSTRACT
Biological assays including; phytotoxicity, brine shrimp lethality, antileishmanial and insecticidal activities were carried out on crude methanolic extracts of stems and leaves of R. nervosus and their fraction namely; n-Hexane, CHCl3, EtOAc, and MeOH fractions. The highest significant phytotoxicty activity showed by chloroform, n-hexane fractions and crude extract of leaves, the growth regulation were [95%, 90% and 90%] respectively against Lemna minor, while ethyl acetate fraction and n-hexane fractions of stems displayed significant phytotoxicty [100% and 90%] respectively against Lemna minor at high dose [1000 micro g/ml]. The results obtained from cytotoxicity assays revealed that none of the fractions are cytotoxic. The chloroform fraction of stems was showed good antileishmanial activity against L. major with LC50+/-S.D: 70.3+/-1.2 at micro g/ml. The crude methanolic extracts of leaves, chloroform fraction and ethyl acetate fraction exhibited low mortality against tested insect Rhyzopertha dominica while, the rest of extracts were found almost inactive against insects species
ABSTRACT
A simple and rapid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of five phenolic acids including Gallic acid, Chloroganic acid, Syringic acid, Benzoic acid and Vanillic acid by HPLC with UV-VIS detector
These Phenolic acids were separated by analytical column Intersil ODS-3 CIS, a gradient elution system of ACN and acidified water solution with Iml/min flow rate and quantified in a total run of 30 minutes at 2lOnm wavelength. In the quantitative analysis of these compounds showed good regression [0.995-0.999]
The limit of detection [LOD] and limit of quantification [LOQ] of these compounds were in the range of 0.15-0.46 and 0.42-2.47 Hg/ml. The average recoveries were between 95.8-103.1% and their RSD values were less than 3.34%. By the proposed method Gallic acid, Chloroganic acid and Syringic acid were found and quantified in Methanolic, Ethanolic and Acetonic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn, leaves. While the two other phenolic acids benzoic acid and vanillic acid was not found in the extracts of Ocimum sanctum Linn, leaves
ABSTRACT
We report physicochemical characteristics of various kinds of liquid milk commercially available in Pakistan in comparison with those of fresh natural milk from animals. Milk samples were collected from local markets at Peshawar, Pakistan, and analyzed for their physical features, including moisture, total solids, specific gravity, conductivity, viscosity and titratable acidity (lactic acid equivalent), and chemical components and macro-minerals, including total protein, casein, lactose, ash and minerals (Na, K and Mg). These items were compared with the physicochemical characteristics of the fresh natural milk samples from buffalo, cow and goat. The results were also compared with reported nutritional quality of milk from various countries and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. We found that all the physical features and chemical components of commercially available milk in Pakistan markets meet WHO's requirements, except for Na, K, Ca and Mg, which are below the standards.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Buffaloes , Calcium , Goats , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Metals , Milk , Chemistry , Potassium , Sodium , ViscosityABSTRACT
To find out the frequency of major categories of stroke [i.e. cerebral infarction, intra cerebral hemorrhage and sub-arachnoid hemorrhage]. A descriptive study. Medical unit III Allied Hospital Faisalabad from January 2005 to June 2005. 112 patients were enrolled after taking verbal consent. After complete physical examination and investigations a sample size of 100 patients was calculated using 5% level of significant and margin of error as 5%. This study revealed frequency distribution of various categories of stroke as cerebral infarction 62 cases [62%], cerebral haemorrhage 30 cases [30%] and sub-arachnoid haemorrhage 8 cases [8%] out of 100 cases in total. Intra-cerebral bleed has got a higher trend in Asia than in western countries and is more common in female gender while cerebral infarction is more common in males and its frequency although the highest among the major categories of stroke in Asia but relatively less as compared to that in western countries