Understanding pelvic floor in women

Change from quadruped to erect posture has resulted in changes in the human pelvis. This has resulted in pelvis supporting the abdominal viscera. The bony pelvis is deficient on inferior aspect. Muscles covered by fascia on superior and inferior aspect. A good knowledge of pelvic floor is very basic and mandatory for any gynecologist as pelvic floor is crucial to support the pelvic organs and is required to maintain urinary and fecal continence.

Unusual topography of posterior antebrachial musculature in the first osseofibrous compartment of wrist: clinicomorphological appraisal / Topografía inusual de la musculatura antebraquial posterior en el primer compartimento osteofibroso de la muñeca: valoración clínico-morfológica

Anatomical variations of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis are important in clinical assessment of diseased and traumatized hand. The present case reports an unusual fusion of muscle bellies of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis with two separate tendons of insertion, the medial tendon inserted into the base of first metacarpal and the lateral tendon into the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. Knowledge of such anatomical variations is of utmost importance in the management of De Quervain's disease and reconstructive surgeries of hand.

Las variaciones anatómicas de los músculos abductor largo del pulgar y extensor corto del pulgar son importantes en la evaluación clínica de la mano enferma y traumatizada. El presente caso informa una inusual fusión de los vientres musculares de los Mm. abductor largo del pulgar y extensor corto del pulgar con dos tendones de inserción separados, el tendón medial se insertó en la base del primer metacarpiano y el tendón lateral en el músculo abductor corto del pulgar. El conocimiento de estas variaciones anatómicas es de importancia en el manejo de la enfermedad de De Quervain y cirugía reconstructiva de la mano.

Unilateral quadripartite composition of pectoral major muscle: anatomical description and clinical implications / Composición unilateral cuadripartita del músculo pectoral mayor: descripción anatómica e implicancias clínicas

A unilateral anomalous disposition of the muscular slips of pectoralis major was observed in an adult male cadaver during routine gross anatomy teaching session. The pectoralis major muscle displayed unusual configuration and comprised of four parts delineated by three intramuscular clefts. Further, the sternocostal part was found to divide into two fasciculi. The origin and insertion of pectoralis major muscle was as usual and unremarkable. Interestingly, the innervation of the muscle was observed to bear an important variation. The clavicular and sternocostal slips of pectoralis major muscle received a direct branch from the lateral cord of brachial plexus in addition to its usual innervation from the lateral and medial pectoral nerves. The multiplicity of innervation of pectoralis major as encountered in the present study would presumably augment its suitability for its use in reconstructive procedures. An additional anomalous attachment of the pectoralis minor muscle was also observed emanating from the second rib, apart from the usual third, fourth and fifth ribs. These variants of the pectoral muscles may also have implications in biomechanical studies, as they may alter the kinematics.

Una disposición anómala unilateral de los vientres musculares del músculo pectoral mayor se observó en un cadáver adulto de sexo masculino durante una clase de rutina de anatomía. El músculo pectoral mayor mostró una configuración inusual y presentaba cuatro partes delimitadas por tres depresiones intramusculares. Además, la parte esternocostal se encontraba dividdida en dos fascículos. El origen y la inserción del músculo pectoral mayor era normal. Curiosamente, la inervación de los músculos, presentaba una importante variación anatómica. Los fascículos clavicular y esternocostal del músculo pectoral mayor recibieron una rama directa del fascículo lateral del plexo braquial, además de su inervación normal de los nervios pectoral lateral y medial. La múltiple inervación del músculo pectoral mayor como se encuentró en el presente estudio, probablemente, haga aumentar su idoneidad para el uso en procedimientos reconstructivos. También se observó un fascículo adjunto anómalo adicional del músculo pectoral menor, que se originaba de la segunda costilla, además de su origen en la tercera, cuarta y quinta costillas. Estas variaciones de los músculos pectorales también puede tener implicancias en estudios biomecánicos, ya que probablemente alteran la cinemática.

Anomalous Origin of Obturator Artery from the Internal Iliac Artery / Origen Anómalo de la Arteria Obturatriz de la Arteria Iliaca Interna

Obturator arteryis frequently a branch of anterior division of internal iliac artery or one of the parietal branches of internal iliac artery. But it has attracted attention of pelvic surgeons and anatomists and radiologists because of the high frequency of the variation in its course and origin. The present report demonstrates obturator artery to be arising from the posterior division of internal iliac artery out of 316 pelvises, a rare observation in Indian population. The variation is correlated developmentally and its clinical implications are also discussed.

La arteria obturatriz es frecuentemente una rama de la división anterior de la arteria iliaca interna o uno de los ramos parietales de la arteria iliaca interna. Sin embargo, ella atrae la atención de cirujanos pélvicos, anatomistas y radiologistas por la alta frecuencia de variaciones, tanto en su origen como en su trayecto. Este reporte muestra un caso en que la arteria obturatriz se origina de la parte posterior de la arteria iliaca interna en 316 pelvis examinadas, una rara observación en la población de la India. Esta variación es conelacionada con el desanollo y se discuten sus implicancias clínicas.

Rhinosporidiosis of parotid duct: a rare case report.

Although rhinsporidiosis caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi is known to mankind since hundred years, many aspects of this enigmatic disease have remained mysterious till date. Parotid duct as a site of involvement has rarely been reported. Our case interestingly presented with a cystic mass of left parotid duct accompanied by an ulcer and mucopurulent discharge was finally confirmed to be a case of rhinosporidiosis by histopathological examination.

Unilateral double axillary and double brachial arteries: embryological basis and clinical implications / Arterias Axilar y Braquial Dobles Unilaterales. Bases Embriológicas e Implicaciones Clínicas

Este reporte describe la presencia de las arterias axilar y braquial duplicadas en el lado derecho de un cadáver adulto de sexo masculino. La arteria axilar derecha se bifurcó en arterias axilares I y II, localizadas posteriormente al músculo pectoral menor. Ambas arterias, con sus respectivas ramas atravesaron bajo el músculo redondo mayor y continuaron como arterias braquiales I y II, respectivamente. La arteria axilar I, que se continuó como arteria braquial I, tuvo un trayecto superficial y tortuoso, mientras que la arteria axilar II fue de poco calibre y de localización profunda. Las arterias toracoacromial, torácica lateral y subescapular se originaron de la arteria axilar I. La arteria torácica superior se originó de la arteria toracoacromial. Las arterias circunflejas humerales anterior y posterior se originaron desde la arteria axilar II. La arteria braquial profundase originó de la arteria braquial II, mientras que a nivel de la línea intercondílea, la arteria ulnar se originó de la arteria braquial I. En la fosa cubital, la arteria braquial I se dividió en arterias radial e interósea común, mientras que la arteria braquial II terminó anastomosándose con la arteria braquial I. Las arterias ulnar, radial e interóseas común continuaron como arterias independientes y tuvieron un trayecto y distribución normales en el antebrazo. La persistencia de arterias axilar y braquial dobles tiene una base embriológica, pudiendo ser de interés para la embriología experimental. El conocimiento de estas variaciones arteriales múltiples, como el presente caso, es de importancia fundamental durante la medición de flujo en los vasos sanguíneos a través de Doppler, para el diagnóstico clínico y manejo quirúrgico de enfermedades que afectan al miembro superior.

This report presents double axillary and double brachial arteries on the right side of an adult male cadaver. In this case, the right axillary artery bifurcated into axillary artery I and axillary artery II posterior to the pectoralis minor muscle. Both the axillary arteries with their branches traversed upto lower border of teres major muscle and continued further as seperate entities into the cubital fossa as brachial artery I and brachial artery II respectively. The axillary artery I which continued as brachial artery I was superficial and tortuous in its course, while the axillary artery II was slender and deeply situated. The thoraco-acromial, lateral thoracic and subscapular arteries took origin from axillary artery I. The superior thoracic artery was seen arising from the thoraco-acromial artery. The anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries arose from axillary artery II.The profunda brachii artery was given off by the brachial artery II, while at the level of intercondylar line, the ulnar artery was given off by brachial artery I. In the cubital fossa, the brachial artery divided into radial and common interosseous artery, while the brachial artery II ended by anastomosis with brachial artery I. The ulnar, radial and common interosseous arteries continued as separate entities and exhibited a normal course and distribution in the forearm.The hypothesis for the embryological basis of persistence of double axillary and double brachical arteries may be useful for experimental embryology. The knowledge of such multiple arterial variations as in the present case is of immense significance during Doppler scanning of blood vessels for clinical diagnosis and surgical management of diseases of superior extremity.

Inception of cadaver dissection and its relevance in present day scenario of medical education.

The concept of dissection for acquiring knowledge about the structure of human body was started in 15th century and barber--surgeons used to demonstrate various structures at the professors command. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) was the first medical student to dissect the cadaver and also continued with it even as a professor. Slowly and steadily its importance was realised. Once autopsy was accepted as a ideal parameter to establish the causes of death, the importance of dissection got enhanced. Cadavers were obtained earlier from the grave robbings and mortuaries, which was followed by, an Anatomy Act of 1832, by which unclaimed bodies were provided to the anatomy department. For last two decades, many persons started donating their bodies to the department of anatomy. In India, mostly unclaimed bodies are handed over to anatomy department for teaching and research purpose. Cadavers teach students during 1st professional course, autopsy teaches again in IInd and IIIrd professional courses and even later on throughout the career. Dissection helps in developing a spatial and tactile appreciation for the fabric of the human body that cannot be achieved by prosection or computerised learning aids alone.