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Introduction: Accurate estimation of Gestational age is of great value in proper obstetric care and interventionduring pregnancy. Ultrasound has evolved as a reliable method for accurate measurement of gestational age bymeasuring various fetal biometric features like Crown Rump Length (CRL), Biparietal Diameter (BPD), Femurlength (FL), Abdominal Circumference (AC), Head Circumference (HC), Trans Cerebellar Diameter (TCD) etc. Femurbeing the longest bone in fetus, least movable and easily imagable from second trimester to delivery, can bemeasured for estimation of gestational age. The present study was performed to evaluate femur length in secondand third trimester by ultrasonography, assess gestational age from measurement of Femur Length (FL) anddetermine the accuracy of gestational age assessed by ultrasonography with gestational age assessed by LMPmethod in local population of Gujarat.Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study of total of 200 pregnant women, 100 second trimester and 100third trimester, between 13 and 40 weeks of gestational age attending the department of radiology at P.D.U.Medical college, Rajkot for a fetal ultrasound scan was done. Femur length (FL) was measured; Gestational agewas measured by Hadlock’s method and Loughna P et al’s method; also gestational age was assessed from LMPof the women. The mean values of femur length and predictive accuracy of fetal femur length was analyzed andcompared with other studies.Results: Mean of FL increased progressively from 13-40 weeks of gestation. During both second and third trimesters,Hadlock’s formula and Loughna P’s method were equally accurate to assess the gestational age. But femur lengthwas more accurate in second trimester than in third trimester. There was discrepancy in values of femur lengthas compared to other studies.Conclusion: Like other studies the present study also found the need of fetal charts that were specific for individualpopulation and ethnic group to determine gestational age and EDD to enable the development of better clinicalguidelines for the present population.
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Background: Foramen magnum (FM) is an important landmark of the skull base and is of particular interest foranthropology, anatomy, forensic medicine and other medical field. It is one of several oval or circular aperturesin the base of the skull, through which medulla oblongata is transmitted. Variations of the shape of FM have gotdiagnostic clinical and radiological importance. The dimensions of FM have clinical importance because thevital structures that pass through it may suffer compression as in cases of FM achondroplasia and FM brainherniation, so this study aimed to access its diameter and determining its various shape.Materials and Methods: Study sample consisted of 75 dry adult human skull of unknown sex, free from anypathology and collected from Department of Anatomy, P.D.U. Medical College, Rajkot, Gujarat and Americaninternational institute of medical sciences, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.Results: The FM was observed to have round shape in 8%, egg shape in 9.33% tetragonal in 25.33%, oval in33.33%, irregular in 2.67%, hexagonal in 8% and pentagonal in13.33% of the cases. The mean antero-posteriorand transverse diameter of the FM was recorded as 34.00+/- 2.38 mm and 28.68+/-1.88 mm respectively. TheMaximum diameter of antero-posterior and transverse diameter was recorded 39.53mm and 32.14mmrespectively. The Minimum diameter of antero-posterior and transverse diameter was recorded 28.72 mm and23.54 mm respectively.Conclusion: Though the present study has a limitation as the exact age and sexes of skull were not determined,this study may provide an important reference and the measurements may be used as a data for the descriptionof normal morphological variants of FM. The present study will be of useful to the neurosurgeons and is alsohelpful to the anthropologists and clinical anatomists.
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Background: The profunda femoris artery is the major branch of the femoral artery. It is at critical place in relation to femoral artery for various interventions. Aim: To study the origin of profunda femoris artery. And to compare the cross sectional area of profunda femoris artery between right and left limbs. Material and methods: In this cross sectional study, 51 human femoral triangles from 26 (18 male and 08 female) human cadavers in P.D.U. Government Medical College, Rajkot were dissected and studied during regular dissection classes. Site of origin of profunda femoris artery was noted in relation to femoral artery. The distance of origin of profunda femoris artery from the midpoint of inguinal point was measured and noted. Circumference of profunda femoris artery at the level of origin was measured. The cross sectional area was calculated. Collected data was analyzed by standard statistical formulas with the help of Microsoft excel 2007 and Epi info TM 7 software. Result: Most common (52.95% cases) site of origin was posterolateral from femoral artery. The mean distance of origin of profunda femoris artery from the midpoint of inguinal ligament was 30.17 mm. There was no significant difference in cross sectional area of right and left profunda femoris artery (at 95% confidence interval) Conclusion: Profunda femoris artery is used for angiography, ultrasonography and cardiac catheterization also. It is the major blood supply of the thigh. Its relations with femoral artery, femoral vein and femoral nerve makes it important structure for clinicians. Variations in origin of profunda femoris artery must be considered to avoid complication like aneurism and faulty passage of the catheter. High origin of profunda femoris artery is more prone to damage while accessing femoral artery.
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Background & Objectives: will be useful for anatomists, anthropologists, aneasthetist, orthopedics and experts in the field of forensic medicine. The aim of the study was to examine the different morphometric variations of the human mandibles and comparing between dentate and edentulous mandibles is done. Methods: This study included only bone who exhibited no obvious bone pathology. All measurements were done bilaterally, performed with a stainless steel metric digital calliper with 0.01 mm precision. The relative position of the Mental foramena (MF)as analyzed with measurements made from nferior wall of mandible to the mandibular base, from anterior wall of mandible to the mandibular skeletal midline, from his posterior wall to the posterior mandibular rim. To determine this relation, the standard horizontal plane defined by Morrant was used. Briefly, the mandible was placed on a horizontal surface, to which the lower border of the mandible comes into greatest contact when vertical pressure is applied to the second molar teeth. Results: The most common location for the MF is a position aligned between second premolar and first molar (Rt. side 30% & Lt. Side 31%). Comparison of measurements of dentate and edentulous mandible is significnat on both sides. Conclusion: The knowledge of the distances from surgically encountered anatomical landmarks in the present study provide valuable information to dental surgeons that will facilitate effective localization of the neurovascular bundle passing through mental foramen thus avoiding complications from local anesthetic, surgical and other invasive procedures.
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Background & objective: Present study was carried out to find correlation and to derive a regression formula between head length and body height in Gujarat region. This is useful in anthropology, anatomy and forensic medicine. The material consists of 500 students from Gujarat. Methods: The age of subject was in the range of 8 to 18 years.The length of head was measured between two craniometric points, glabella and opisthocranion. Spreading caliper was used to measure head length. Height of the subject was measured with standard Height measuring instrument subject in anatomical position. Measurements were taken at fixed time to avoid diurnal variation. Results: The result obtained was analyzed and attempt was made to derive a formula between head length and total height of an individual. The result shows that there is a Moderate correlation between head length and height of an individual. Interpretation & conclusion: In present study the correlation co-efficient between height and head length is +0.30 Which is moderately significant and p value <0.05 and regression formula obtained is Y= 12.33 +7.75X.