A cross-sectional cariogram-based comparison of caries risk profile in children with various levels of intellectual disability

Aim: To compare the caries risk profile in children with mild, moderate, and severe intellectual disability (ID) using cariogram. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare caries risk profile using cariogram among 150 children aged 6–18 years, with various levels of ID (50 each in Mild ID, Moderate ID, and Severe ID groups), attending special schools in Bengaluru city. The risk assessment consisted of: a questionnaire, an interview, estimation of oral hygiene, saliva sampling, microbial evaluation and clinical examination. Statistical analysis of the results obtained was performed using Chi-square/Fischer's exact test, Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney test. Results: The overall comparison showed significant differences between the groups across all parameters except diet (P = 0.131), fluoride exposure (P = 1), salivary flow rate (P = 0.3), and buffer capacity (P = 1). Caries risk was high among children with severe intellectually disability while the actual chance to avoid caries was found to be high in the Mild ID group. Bacteria was one of the dominant caries risk sectors followed by susceptibility, circumstances, and diet. Conclusion: Cariogram can be used as an effective tool in assessing caries prediction, thus aiding in identifying different risk groups in a community so that appropriate preventive measures can be implemented to overcome the caries risk.

A study to assess the awareness and practice regarding utilization of sanitary toilet in the rural villages of Kalaburagi district

Background: As there is some improvement in sanitary latrine use and safe disposal of child faeces which is the one of the important goal of millennium development goals, awareness, practice and lack of community and household sanitary latrines is still a major problem. The objective was to study awareness and practice about use of sanitary latrine in villages.Methods: The study was undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice in rural villages of Kalaburagi District, Karnataka, India. The study sample consist a total of 500 participants.Results: The prevalence of usage of sanitary latrines was 40%. The prevalence of open air defecation in the study was 97.4%. There was significant association between belief, low standard of living and open air defecation.Conclusions: To overcome the underutilization problem of sanitary latrines in rural areas is to provide quality household and community sanitary latrines along with the provision for creating awareness among the population regarding the benefit of using sanitary latrine.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of gutkha chewing among youth in Hiroli village of Kalaburagi district

Background: Gutkha is a preparation of crushed tobacco, lime, catechu, areca nut and flavouring agent. Gutkha chewing may lead to various diseases like cancer of oral cavity, gingival diseases, addiction, submucosal fibrosis and overall poor health of an individual. The use of gutkha in youths is highly prevalent due to a lack of awareness and education and has misconceptions, particularly in rural areas like chewing tobacco products aids in digestion, acts as germ-killer, mood enhancement and tension relief.Methods: The study was undertaken to know the knowledge, attitude and practice among gutkha chewers of Hiroli village in Kalaburagi district, Karnataka, India. The study sample comprised a total of 479 participants.Results: The result of the study showed that the prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption is high in rural population (49.2%). And most of the participants (51%) agreed that gutkha chewing is injurious to health, but the knowledge of gutkha causing oral and throat cancer was limited (40.6% and 36.4% respectively).Conclusions: The result indicated to increase awareness programs on associated health risks that focus on improving the knowledge, attitude and practice of gutkha chewing.

Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption among Adults & Elderly- a Community based Study in Uttarakhand

Background: Alcohol is one of the leading causes of the death and disability globally. About two billion people worldwide consume alcoholic beverages and about one-third (nearly 7.6 million) are likely to have one or more diagnosable alcohol use disorders. In India, the economic returns from alcohol override public health issues with the situation being one of “getting less and losing more”. Aims & Objectives: To find out the prevalence of alcohol consumption in relation to socio-demographic characteristics among adults and elderly population of Uttarakhand. Methods and materials: This is a cross sectional study. In this study we included four different geographic settings (urban, rural, town and slum) of Uttarakhand. A simple random methodology was adopted. Results: Out of 400 participants interviewed, alcohol consumption was reported higher in 30-49 years age group (45%), married (38%), employed (58%), males (72%), residing in rural areas (43%). Conclusion: In Uttarakhand percentage of alcohol consumption is higher among middle age group (30-49 year). Males are more alcoholic than females.

Review On Implant Based Over-Dentures Versus Conventional Dentures In Severely Resorbed Mandibular Arch: Report Of Two Cases.

Background: Replacement of missing teeth has become a successful option ever since the discovery of Osseo-integration and introduction of implants in the dental field. It has proved to be a therapeutic breakthrough especially for edentulous people. Implants supported over dentures are becoming the first choice of treatment for edentulous patients as they provide various advantages over the conventional dentures most importantly enhancing the denture retention and stability. This article discusses the rehabilitation of a completely edentulous patient with a mandibular implant supported over-denture which drastically improved the oral health related quality of life.

Oro-Cutaneous Sinus Tract: A Case Report.

Common dental causes of odontogenic sinus tracts include endodontic or periodontal infections, trauma, retained roots and residual chronic infection of the jaws. They are uncommon, and often misdiagnosed. The sinus tracts are most frequently associated with mandibular teeth, which have been documented in 80 to 87% of the reported cases. Extraoral fistulas typically present as erythematous, symmetrical, crusting, smooth and non-tender nodules with periodic drainage. Cutaneous sinus tracts of odontogenic origin represents one among the many types of sinus tracts that may form on the face and neck region. They are usually present on the chin and cheek region. The cutaneous sinus resolves rapidly if the lesion is recognized early and diagnosed properly followed by surgical excision of sinus tract, removal of offending tooth and cutaneous closure is performed.

Case Of Anodontia With Ectodermal Dysplasia: A Multidisciplinary Management.

Abstracts: Ectodermal dysplasia is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a constellation of findings involving defects of two or more of the following: teeth, skin, and appendageal structures including hair, nails, and eccrine and sebaceous glands. Ectodermal dysplasia might be inherited in any form of several genetic patterns including autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, and X-linked modes. Oral traits may express themselves as anodontia, hypodontia, and conical teeth. Anodontia also manifests itself by a lack of alveolar ridge development. In this case report; it is aimed to describe the prosthetic rehabilitation of the Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

Unilateral Incomplete Cleft Lip- Chieloplasty: A Case Report.

Orofacial clefts are the most prevalent craniofacial birth defects and these malformations transform an infant with severe functional and esthetic handicaps. Cleft lip and palate is a common malformation that occurs in about 2 in 1000 live births. The cleft can vary from a hardly visible furrow in the palate or on one side of the lip to bilateral complete clefts of the lip, alveolus and palate. Clefts of the lip, alveolus and palate are highly complicated malformations. The problems associated such as speech, function, esthetic, and socio-psychological and more precisely deleterious effect on the growth and development of teeth, alveolus and jaws. A specialized corrective surgery is mandatory and indicated in early months of life to achieve the best outcome to improve the function and appearance. We are presenting a case of unilateral incomplete cleft lip with primary repair in a 4months and 20days baby boy.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Most Active Antioxidant Derivatives of Embelin.

Objective: To evaluate antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of embelin and its derivatives. Methods: In the present study embelin was condensed with various aliphatic substituted primary amines, hydrazines and amino acids to yield seven new and five reported derivatives. All these compounds along with embelin were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH methods. Potent compounds were selected for in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Results: Hydrazines, amino acids substituted embelin derivatives and phenazines showed potent antioxidant activity. These compounds along with embelin were studied for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities at 10 and 20 mg/kg doses by standard methods. Potent analgesic activity higher than the standard pentazocine was observed. Embelin and its derivatives almost completely abolished the acetic acid induced writhing. Phenyl alanine and phenazine derivative showed better anti-inflammatory activity than embelin. Conclusion: Further research would be of interest to explain the exact mechanism of these compounds and chemical modifications, biological screening and toxicity studies can also be explored.

Management of Large Periapical Lesion of Teeth via Conservative Approach (Report of two cases).

Infection of the dental pulp occurs as a consequence of caries, operative dental procedures and trauma. These infections often cause total pulpal necrosis and subsequently stimulate an immune response in the periapical region. The latter is commonly referred to as a periapical lesion. The ultimate goal of endodontic therapy should be to return the involved teeth to a state of health and function without surgical intervention. All inflammatory periapical lesions should be initially treated with conservative nonsurgical procedures. Surgical intervention is recommended only after nonsurgical techniques have failed. Besides, surgery has many drawbacks, which limit its use in the management of periapical lesions. A nonsurgical approach should always be adopted before resorting to surgery. Periodic follow-up examinations are essential. Irrespective of the size of the lesion every attempt should be made to treat the periapical lesions with non-surgical endodontic therapy. The aim of this paper is to present two case reports of periapical radiolucent lesions, which were treated, non-surgically.

Osteosyntheses of lefort-I fracture.

In mid-face the maxilla represents the bridge between the cranial base superiorly and the dental occlusal plane inferiorly. Its valuable relation with the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and orbits and the multitude of structures contained within and adjacent to it make the maxilla a functionally and cosmetically precise structure. Fracture of these facial bones is potentially life-threatening as well as disfiguring. In time surgical intervention of these fractures provides the best chance to correct deformity and prevent unfavourable sequelae.

Zygomatic Arch Fracture Reduction via Gillie's (Temporal) Approach—Report of 3 Cases

In mid-face, the zygomatic bone and arch represents the bridge between the maxilla, orbital cavity and temporal bone anterosuperior and posterior, respectively. Zygomatic arch plays a potential relation with the maxilla, petrous part of temporal bone, orbits and the multitude of structures contained within and posterior to it make the temporomandibular joint functionally. Fracture of the zygomatic arch of the bone is potentially disturb the function of the mandibular jaw while opening and closing as well as disfigure by forming depression on face even in case of undisplaced. In time and reduction of arch fracture provides the best chance to avoid facial deformity, jaw dysfunction and prevents unfavorable sequelae. We conclude that, Gillies approach for undisplaced arch fracture reduction will be considerable due to simple and effective method and cosmetically more acceptable.

A rare case of compound odontomas in anterior mandible.

Odontomas are non-aggressive hamartomatous developmental malformations or lesions of odontogenic origin consist of enamel, dentin, cementum and pulpal tissue. Odontomas are classified in to compound and complex. Maxillary anterior region is the most frequent site for the occurrence of compound odontomas. Intraosseous migration of unerupted teeth is a rare natural condition wherein the tooth usually shows impaction due to many pathological conditions and it occurs more in mandible involves primarily the second premolars or the canine. Among these many pathological conditions odontomas are the one of them but rarest is compound odontomas in anterior mandible. Although there are many studies and statistical data on lesions available, diagnosis should not be restricted by epidemiological characteristics. Instead it is important to account all clinical, radiographic, and pathologic signs and symptoms as well as differential diagnosis for definitive diagnosis. Additionally, it is clear that lesions often behave in an unforeseen or unusual ways. Thus, we are concluding that considering the literature, the compound odontomas their incidence is rare and unusual in anterior region of mandible. We are presenting a case with rare incidence of compound odontomas in anterior region of mandible with transmigration of impacted canine.

Dental trauma and replantation of avulsed teeth.

Avulsion of tooth or teeth is defined as displacement of tooth from its socket. An avulsed permanent tooth is one of the few real emergency situations in dentistry. Avulsion of teeth occurs most often in children between 7 and 9 years of age. It requires quick emergency intervention for favourable healing followed by evaluation and possible treatment at decisive times during the healing phase. Replantation is the first line of treatment for avulsed teeth when extraoral time is less and minimal damage to the PDL. It includes stabilization of teeth in its normal position which helps in reattachment and reorganization of the periodontal ligament. Every possible effort should be made to replant it in order to avoid esthetic, masticatory, phonetic difficulties and avoid arch length discrepancy.

Infra-orbital neuralgia and surgical management.

Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) is characterized by excruciating, paroxysmal, shock like pain attacks located in the somatosensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve. It is also called Tic Douloreux and is a debilitating syndrome consisting mainly of unilateral short bursts of lancinating pain in one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. The most common disorders involved in the differential diagnosis include bursts of headaches, dental pain, gaint cell arteritis, glossopharyngeal nerve neuralgia, intracranial tumour, migraine, multiple sclerosis, otoitis media, sinusitis and temporomandibular joint syndrome. The TN is by far the most frequently diagnosed form of neuralgia with mean incidence of 4 per 1, 00,000 populations and mean age of 50 at the time of examination. In general, TN is unilateral affecting the maxillary (35%), mandibular (30%), both (20%), ophthalmic and maxillary (10%) and ophthalmic (4%) branches and all branches of the TN (1%). The treatment options are varied from medical to surgical therapy. The peripheral neurectomy is the oldest and least invasive therapy with few complications. We present a case of 68 year old female patient with unilateral infraorbital neuralgia treated by invasive procedure. Following neurectomy the patient was free of symptoms in six years period of follow-up.

Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of some quinazoline derivatives.

Quinazoline derivatives have been very well known for Antihypertensive activity. Seven new Quinazoline derivatives are synthesized by three steps. Purity of compound is checked by TLC monitoring. All synthesized compounds are confirmed by UV, IR, Mass and H1NMR. All synthesized compound were screened for α1-adrenergic receptor blocking activity. Amongst all synthesized compounds 4a & 4e showed better activity.

Mandibular ridge extension with bilateral inferior transposition of mental nerve.

In case extensive atropy of the alveolar process of the mandible may result in the mental foramen becoming located on or near the crest of the residual ridge. This frequently is the cause of discomfort for the denture wearers. When adjustment of the denture does not alleviate the problem, it may be necessary to transpose the nerve and this is also indicated when the alveolar sulcus is to be deepened in this region. We presented case of severely resorbed mandibular ridge with chief complaint of numbness and discomfort over wearing denture which is treated by supraperiosteal vestibuloplasty with bilateral inferior transpositioning of mental nerve. This management resulted in increased vestibular depth for denture retention and stability, as well as it helped us to avoid numbness and discomfort.

Dental insurance! Are we ready.

Dental insurance is insurance designed to pay the costs associated with dental care. The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) bill which was put forward in the winter session of the Lok Sabha (2008) focused on increasing the foreign investment share from the existing 26% to 49% in the insurance companies of India. This will allow the multibillion dollar international insurance companies to enter the Indian market and subsequently cover all aspects of insurance in India. Dental insurance will be an integral a part of this system. Dental insurance is a new concept in Southeast Asia as very few countries in Southeast Asia cover this aspect of insurance. It is important that the dentists in India should be acquainted with the different types of plans these companies are going to offer and about a new relationship which is going to emerge in the coming years between dentist, patient and the insurance company.

The utility of IS6110 sequence based polymerase chain reaction in comparison to conventional methods in the diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.

IS6110 sequence based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was compared with conventional bacteriological techniques in the laboratory diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). One hundred and ninety one non-repeated clinical samples of EPTB and 17 samples from non-tuberculous cases as controls were included. All the samples were processed for Ziehl-Neelsen staining for acid fast bacilli (AFB) and 143 samples were processed by culture for M. tuberculosis . All the samples were processed for PCR amplification with primers targeting 123 bp fragment of insertion element IS6110 of M. tuberculosis complex. Of the total 191 samples processed, 34 (18%) were positive by smear for AFB. Culture for AFB was positive in 31(22%) samples among the 143 samples processed. Either smear or culture for AFB was found positive in 51(27%) samples. Of the total 191 samples processed 120 (63%) were positive by PCR. In 140 samples, wherein both the conventional techniques were found negative, 74 (53%) samples were positive by PCR alone. Among 51 samples positive by conventional techniques, 46 (90%) were found positive by PCR. PCR assay targeting IS6110 is useful in establishing the diagnosis of EPTB, where there is strong clinical suspicion, especially when the conventional techniques are negative.