ABSTRACT
Placenta is a vital organ for the development of foetus and maintenance of pregnancy. Placenta helps in the development and growth of foetus in uterus. In between maternal and foetal circulation the transfer of waste products and nutrients was done by the placenta which is a complex organ of a short life span. The diabetic pregnancy is characterised by numerous disturbances in foetal growth and development.METHODSA cross sectional study on placental changes in 60 pregnant women was done over a period of 18 months. Pregnant women in the age group of 25 years to 40 years who were suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) were included in the study. Placental specimens were collected from obstetrics department and fixed overnight in 10% formalin. Thorough gross examination was done and few bits from the abnormal areas were given for microscopic examination. Routine histopathological process was followed for microscopic examination.RESULTSOut of 60 pregnant women with PCOS, seven patients were found to be having PCOS with gestational diabetes mellitus. These seven patients showed gross and microscopic changes in the placenta when compared with non-diabetic PCOS pregnant women.CONCLUSIONSPlacenta of diabetic women with PCOS showed both gross and microscopic abnormalities which may affect the growth and development of baby during intrauterine life.
ABSTRACT
Copper NiTi wires were introduced by Sachdeva R and Miyasaki S in 1994. This latest innovation in the evolutionary scale gives us the opportunity of choosing the force level by choosing the temperature at which the wires will deliver its optimum force level. With so many advantages and their ability to return to their original form coupled with the high cost of copper NiTi many clinicians started reusing the wire. This raises concern about disinfecting/sterilizing the wire before using in another patient for prevention of cross infection. Hence, various sterilization procedures like cold sterilization using 2% acidic glutaraldehyde, dry heat sterilization and autoclaving were used to prevent this cross infection..Aim: The main aim of this study is used to evaluate the effects of different kinds of sterilization on load characteristics and tensile properties of copper Ni Ti wire. Materials and Methods: In the present study, selected mechanical properties like load deflection characteristics, ultimate tensile strength of the 0.016 copper NiTi wires were studied before and after sterilization procedure. Three point bending test was performed to evaluate the load deflection characteristics and tensile test were evaluated to determine other mechanical properties. Pretreatment and post treatment values were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA test. Results: On the load deflection characteristics, even though there was an increase in the loading and unloading forces, statistically significant changes in the forces are seen only when the wires were subjected to two cycles of sterilization with autoclave and dry heat. No detrimental changes were detected in tensile properties of copper NiTi were after single cycle of sterilization with any of the stated sterilants. Very minimal non significant changes occurred during the second cycle of sterilization procedure. Conclusion: Pronounced changes in load deflection characteristics have been found in the wires which have undergone two cycles of sterilization with either dry heat or autoclave implying that there was loss in pseudoplastic and pseudoelastic properties of wires and increase in stiffness of wires.