PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME WOMEN

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety ranges in women having Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS).Methods: An epidemiological observational study on 80 PCOS patients confirmed through ultrasound scanning over a study period of 6 mo at Government General Hospital, RIMS, KADAPA. HAM-D and HAM-A assessment scales were used to analyze the severity of depression and anxiety in PCOS women.Results: Among 80 patients, the prevalence of depression is 86.25% (n=69) and anxiety is 93.75% (n=75). Among 69 depressed patients 38 mild, 28 moderate, and 3 severe ranges were noted. Among 75 patients with anxiety, 52 mild, 18 moderate, and 5 severe ranges were noted. The age of the patient does not show a major difference in the development of depression and anxiety. PCOS women who married and have children (n=45) were mostly affected with depression (n=39) and anxiety (n=43). Menstrual irregularity in PCOS patients with depression and anxiety is majorly seen among those who have last menstrual between 30–60 d. Middle-income patients were affected by depression and anxiety greatly, according to this study.Conclusion: We conclude that the prevalence rate of depression and anxiety is greater in PCOS patients.

Lower urinary tract symptoms evaluation with uroflowmetry in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

Background: Uroflowmetry, a non-invasive urodynamic technique, is commonly employed in evaluating patients with potential lower urinary tract dysfunction. Accurate assessment of the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) can be achieved through the utilization of various validated questionnaires, such as the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between uroflowmetry parameters and the severity of symptoms. Methods: Fifty patients with LUTS caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia were evaluated by using uroflowmetry, IPSS, prostate volume estimation from May 2022 to December 2023. The correlations between these parameters were quantified by means of Spearman correlation co-efficients. Results: Significant statistical correlations were identified between the IPSS and uroflowmetry outcomes, including peak flow rate, average flow rate, and post-void residual urine. However, no correlation was observed between the IPSS and measurements of prostate volume. Conclusions: A positive correlation was observed between the measured peak flow rate through uroflowmetry and the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms.

Nursing students' perceptions of resilience, social support, and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-center study

Background: Resilience found to be an important factor in protecting the nursing students against the stress during coronavirus outbreak. Aim of the study was to evaluate the relationships between resilience and perceived social and organizational support and coping strategies among nursing students. Methods: This web-based survey carried out among nursing undergraduates (n=1017) across the country. Data was collected using self-reported questionnaires in May 2021. Results: Majority of the students had a normal level of resilience, perceived a high level of social and organizational support and used effective coping strategies. Also, the variables of resilience, social support, organization support and coping strategies were positively correlated (p<0.001). While ag e was positively correlated with resilience, younger (t=4.647, p<0.001) and females (t=-0.3620, p<0.001) perceived a higher level of social support than others. Conclusions: The results suggest that strengthening resilience and improving coping skills and social support may promote psychological wellbeing for nursing undergraduates during the coronavirus pandemic.

Effect of Organic Nutrient Management on Quality Parameters and Yield of Fodder Cowpea Varieties

The field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of, 2022–2023 on sandy clay loam soils at a dry land farm in the S.V. Agricultural College in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. To study the Effect of organic nutrient management on quality parameters and yield of fodder cowpea The Split-plot design of the study included three replications. The treatments consisted of four varieties viz., V1: Vijaya, V2: MFC-09-01, V3: MFC-09-03, and V4: MFC-08-14 assigned to main plots, four organic nutrient management practices viz., F1: Control, F2 : 100 % organic source through (FYM) F3: 75 % organic source through (FYM) + Rhizobium + PSB + KSB and F4: 50 % organic source through (FYM) + Rhizobium + PSB + KSB allotted to sub plots. The soil was neutral in reaction (6.8 pH) low in available nitrogen (176 kg ha-1) and medium in available phosphorus (27 kg ha-1) and low in available potassium (219 kg ha-1) status.). The results revealed that among the varieties tested, higher quality parameters i.e., (Crude protein content , Total ash content and dry fodder yield) was recorded with MFC-09-01 (V2) and dry fodder yield (5.8 t ha-1) as well as crude protein (15.1 %), ash content (12.5 % ) were obtained with the application of 75 % organic source through (FYM) + Rhizobium + PSB + KSB. Furthermore, compared to all other treatments.

INDEX guidelines for extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: knowledge and practice among clinicians in Bengaluru, Karnataka

Background: Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) remains a major problem in developing countries, which acquire diagnostic and management challenges. The study was conducted to characterize the diagnosed EPTB cases, and to understand the perspectives of clinicians on diagnosis and challenges in its management. Methods: A total of 150 EPTB patients' medical records were reviewed at two tertiary hospitals in Bengaluru, Karnataka for the period January 2017 to December 2017. The questionnaire-based interview was conducted among clinicians (n=42) during the study period. Results: The mean age and weight of EPTB patients (females (77, 51%) and males (73, 49%) were 32.5 (±17.5) years and 44.5 (±16.3) kilograms, respectively. Pleural TB (44, 29%), cervical lymph node TB (LNTB) (32, 21%) and abdominal TB (17, 11%) were the most common sites of EPTB involvement, followed by bones and joints TB (11, 7%), spine TB (10, 7%), hilar/mediastinal TB (9, 6%), tuberculoma (8, 5%), TB meningitis (6, 4%), abdominal LNTB (6, 4%), urinary TB (4, 3%) and others (3, 2%). We found GeneXpert was the basis of EPTB diagnosis in 43.3% of cases followed by acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear microscopy (20.7%) and culture (12.5%). Of 150 EPTB suspected cases, 73% (110) were started anti-TB treatment (ATT), including 8% (12) having received ATT previously. According to LIKERT scale options, 90% of clinicians agreed GeneXpert as a promising diagnostic tool for diagnosis as compared to other microbiological (79%) and histopathological tests (55%). Conclusions: The quality of EPTB diagnosis and management practices at these institutions is satisfactory according to the principles laid down in INDEX TB guidelines or the national guidelines.

Character Association Analysis on Morpho-physiological and Yield Parameters of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Water Stress

The present character association study aims to understand the correlation between morphological, physiological and yield traits of rice genotypes under water stress and non-stress conditions, so as to identify the differentially expressing traits under both the conditions. Such differentially expressed traits with positive influence on yield can serve as selection criteria for selection of stress tolerant plants. The experiment was carried out using randomized complete block design with three replications at the department of plant breeding and genetics, college of agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University between December 2021 and March 2022. Sixteen characters pertaining to morphological, physiological and yield of three rice genotypes were recorded under reproductive stage water stress and non-stress conditions. The intensity of trait correlations varied significantly under drought and non-drought conditions. The results of correlation studies indicate positive and significant correlation of grain yield with number of tillers, 1000 grain weight, photosynthetic rate, inter cellular CO2 content and water use efficiency under well-watered condition and of these, 1000 grain weight, and inter cellular CO2 content had significant positive influence on grain yield under drought stress. Principal component analysis results indicated two principal components i.e., PC1 and PC2 accounted for 70.5% and 29.5% of the total variation in grain yield under drought and 89% and 11% respectively under non drought conditions. Correlation and principal component analysis concluded that plants with higher grain weight along with improved high internal carbon dioxide content in leaves can be selected for attaining high yield potential under drought and non-drought conditions and will serve as climate adaptive crops under varying soil moisture levels.

Influence of Sulphur and Foliar Application of Molybdenum on Growth and Yield of Summer Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

A field experiment was conducted during Zaid 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P). To determine the “Influence of sulphur and foliar application of molybdenum on growth and yield of summer cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.).” The results showed that treatment 9 [Sulphur (30kg/ha) + Molybdenum (15ppm)] recorded significantly higher plant height (59.5 cm), higher number of branches/plant (6.60), higher number of nodules/plant (33.80), higher plant dry weight (16.26 g). Whereas, maximum number of pods/plant (14.87), maximum number of seeds/pod (10.67), higher test weight (133.34 g), higher seed yield (1.03 t/ha), higher haulm yield (1.70 t/ha), was recorded in treatment 9 [sulphur (30kg/ha) + Molybdenum (15ppm)]. Similarly, maximum gross returns (73,697.44 INR/ha), higher netreturns (49,050.92 INR/ha) and highest benefit cost ratio (1.99) was also recorded in treatment 9 [sulphur (30kg/ha) + Molybdenum (15ppm)] as compared to other treatments.

Degenerated broad ligament fibroid mimicking ovarian cyst: A case report

The commonest diagnosis of a cystic mass in the pelvis is ovarian cyst, here we report a case of cystic degeneration of broad ligament fibroid mimicking as a ovarian cyst. A 45-year-old lady presented with abdominal discomfort. On evaluation, a pelvic mass of 20 weeks size of varying consistency was noted. Ultra sonogram and Magnetic Resonance Imaging gave a differential diagnosis of right sided broad ligament fibroid and ovarian cyst. Anticipating possible ovarian mass owing to its size, laparotomy was performed and noted a large false broad ligament fibroid which has undergone cystic degeneration. Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy was performed, however a differential diagnosis of ovarian mass should always be made before surgery.

Genetic Diversity Studies in Rice Landraces (Oryza sativa L.) Based on Mahalanobis D2 Distance

The present investigation was carried out to assess the genetic diversity present among 66 rice landraces along with 4 checks for 14 different quantitative traits. All the genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters by performing Tocher’s clustering method using Mahalanobis D2 distance. Cluster I was the largest, comprising of 34 genotypes, followed by Cluster II with 28 genotypes. The maximum genetic distance (D2) was observed between cluster V an III (6243.98), followed by clusters II and III (6166.44), clusters IV and II (6022.47), clusters I and IV (4544.26) and clusters IV and III (4161.67). The results revealed the highest contribution of plant height (25.50%) towards total diversity, followed by days to 50% flowering kernel (3.18%), grain yield per plant (2.42 %) and days to maturity (2.06). The rice genotypes belonging to the clusters III , IV and V were found to be the most divergent, and hence can be utilised in the recombination breeding programmes to exploit maximum heterosis.

Correlation of glycated hemoglobin and diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a tertiary care centre

Background: There is a substantial increase in the coincidence of diabetes mellitus and cardiomyopathy. The cardiomyopathy may occur in patients who have no evidence of large vessel disease or abnormalities. The early and commonest hemodynamic derangement of diabetic cardiomyopathy is left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. So, the present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes and to assess the correlation of diastolic dysfunction and HbA1c% levels. Materials and methods: A total of 100 diabetic patients with minimum 5 years duration of diabetes were selected from Malla Reddy Hospital, Suraram from August 2020 to June 2022. Patients with minimum history of 5 years of type 2 diabetes were scrutinized for Doppler echo cardiography and HbA1c levels. Results: Diastolic dysfunction of left ventricle was observed in 58 patients out of 100, of which 54 (93.1%) patients had HbA1c% of > 6.4. 2 (3.4%) patients belong to HbA1c% group of 5.7-6.4. and 2(3.4%) patients belong to HbA1c% of < 5. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that myocardial damage in patients with diabetes affects diastolic function before systolic function. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by an early diastolic dysfunction and a later systolic dysfunction. Impaired diastolic function was not affected by sex or type of diabetes. Even young patients with diabetics with normal systolic ventricular function have diastolic dysfunction, which serves as a marker of a diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diastolic seems not to correlate with disease duration. HbA1c% can be a very good indicator of long term prognosis. Strong corelation exists between diastolic dysfunction and HbA1c.

Rare benign tumour at an unusual site-angiomyoma of the ear: a case report and literature review

The objective was to demonstrate the occurrence of the rare benign tumour angiomyoma or angioleiomyoma in the ear canal. Angiomyoma, known as vascular leiomyoma or angioleiomyoma, is a benign tumour of smooth muscle arising from the muscular wall of veins and comprises less than 5% of all benign smooth muscle tumours. Peak incidence is observed in the fourth to sixth decades with the site of predilection being the subcutaneous tissue in the lower limbs, followed by the upper limbs. This is in contrast to our present case, where the angiomyoma was found in the ear canal which is very rare. A 60-year-old female, an otherwise healthy patient presented with fullness in the left ear. Excision of the swelling was done without any complications.

Decoding 揼uitar pick sign� in COVID-19朼ssociated mucormycosis: A case series

揋uitar pick sign,� also referred to as posterior globe tenting, is a radiological surrogate marker of tense orbit and profound vision loss. It is seen commonly in traumatic retrobulbar hemorrhage and carotico-cavernous fistula and less frequently in orbital cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess, and invasive fungal infections. We report a case series of Coronavirus disease-19朼ssociated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis with guitar pick sign, of which none survived, and discuss the causative pathomechanisms, severity grade, and the clinical relevance of this unique radiological finding.

'Unheard voices': Perceptions of women with mental illness on nurses screening routinely for domestic violence: A qualitative analysis / "Voces no escuchadas": Percepciones de las mujeres con enfermedades mentales sobre el cribado rutinario de la violencia doméstica por parte de las enfermeras. Un análisis cualitativo / "Vozes não ouvidas": percepções de mulheres com transtorno mental sobre o rastreamento cotidiano da violência doméstica por enfermeiras. Uma análise qualitativa

Objective. To explore women's experiences of violence and their opinion on routine screening for domestic violence by nursing professionals in mental health care settings. Methods. This qualitative narrative research design was carried out among 20 asymptomatic women with mental illness at a tertiary care centre in Bangalore, India. Results. Narrative content analysis was performed, and five dominant themes have emerged: 1. Understanding the nature and signs of violence (subtheme: Meaning of violence), 2. Abusive experiences of women with mental illness (subthemes: Physical violence, psychological violence, social violence, sexual violence and financial violence), 3. Experiences on disclosure of violence (subthemes: Identification of violence by nursing professionals, Experiences of disclosure of violence), 4. Barriers for disclosure of abuse(subthemes: Fear of consequences, the hectic schedule of nursing staff, helplessness and hopelessness, perceived poor family support). 5.Routine screening for violence by nursing professionals (subthemes: reasons for routine inquiry of violence, nature of inquiry by the nursing professionals). Conclusion. Women with mental illness were undergoing more than one form of violence, and most of the participants supported routine screening by nursing professionals. Nurses play an essential role in identifying and supporting abused women in mental health care settings.

Objetivo. Explorar las experiencias de violencia que sufren las mujeres y su opinión sobre el cribado rutinario de la violencia doméstica por parte de los profesionales de enfermería en los centros de salud mental. Métodos. Esta investigación narrativa cualitativa se llevó a cabo con 20 mujeres asintomáticas con enfermedades mentales en un centro de atención terciaria en Bangalore, India. Resultados. Se realizó un análisis de contenido narrativo y surgieron cinco temas dominantes: 1. Comprensión de la naturaleza y los signos de la violencia (subtema: Significado de la violencia), 2. Experiencias abusivas de las mujeres con enfermedades mentales (subtemas: Violencia física, violencia psicológica, violencia social, violencia sexual y violencia económica), 3. Experiencias sobre la revelación de la violencia (subtemas: Identificación de la violencia por parte de los profesionales de enfermería, Experiencias de revelación de la violencia), 4. Barreras para la revelación del abuso (subtemas: Miedo a las consecuencias, el agitado horario del personal de enfermería, impotencia y desesperanza, percepción de un escaso apoyo familiar). 5. Indagación rutinaria de la violencia por parte de los profesionales de enfermería (subtemas: razones para la indagación rutinaria de la violencia, naturaleza de la indagación por parte de los profesionales de enfermería). Conclusión. Las mujeres con enfermedades mentales sufrieron más de una forma de violencia y la mayoría de las participantes apoyó el cribado rutinario por parte de los profesionales de enfermería. Las enfermeras desempeñan un papel esencial en la identificación y en el apoyo a las mujeres maltratadas en los entornos de atención en la salud mental.

Objetivo. Explorar as experiências de violência sofrida por mulheres e sua opinião sobre o rastreamento rotineiro de violência doméstica por profissionais de enfermagem em centros de saúde mental. Métodos. Esta pesquisa narrativa qualitativa foi realizada com 20 mulheres assintomáticas com doença mental em um estabelecimento de cuidados terciários em Bangalore, Índia. Resultados. Realizou-se uma análise de conteúdo narrativo e emergiram cinco temas dominantes: 1. Compreendendo a natureza e os sinais da violência (subtópico: Significado da violência), 2. Experiências abusivas de mulheres com transtorno mental (subtópicos: Violência física, violência psicológica, violência social, violência sexual e violência econômica), 3. Experiências sobre a divulgação da violência (subtópicos: Identificação da violência por profissionais de enfermagem, Experiências da divulgação da violência), 4. Barreiras para a divulgação do abuso (subtópicos: medo das consequências, enfermagem ocupada horas de trabalho, desamparo e desesperança, percepção de pouco apoio familiar) 5. Inquérito de rotina sobre violência por profissionais de enfermagem (subtópicos: motivos de inquérito de rotina sobre violência, natureza do inquérito por profissionais de enfermagem). Conclusão. Mulheres com doença mental sofreram mais de uma forma de violência e a maioria das participantes apoiava o rastreamento de rotina pelos profissionais de enfermagem. Os enfermeiros desempenham um papel essencial na identificação e apoio às mulheres agredidas em ambientes de cuidados de saúde mental.

MINIMAL ACCESS SURGERY IN CARCINOMA OESOPHAGUS - A CASE REPORT

Surgery plays an important role in curative treatment of oesophageal carcinoma. Ivor-Lewis procedure modified by McKeown is the procedure of choice, which is an open approach. Here, we present our experience with a modified three-stage procedure i.e. right thoracoscopy, mini-laparotomy and cervical anastomosis, which shows that oncological procedures can be performed by minimally invasive procedures; this helps in reducing complications associated with open technique, especially pulmonary, without any oncological disadvantage for the patient. Thus, we propose that a minimally invasive approach is a significantly better technique for tumour resection, combined with neo adjuvant chemotherapy, in reducing hospital stay and improved quality of life.

Application Of Central Composite Design For Citalopram Hydrogen Bromide Mouth Dissolving Films

Citalopram is an antidepressant used for treating major depressive disorder. In the current work Citalopram HBr is formulated as mouth dissolving film with enhanced drug dissolution. The Central Composite Design (CCD), employed to examine the effects of amount of HPMC E50 (A), amount of maltodextrin (B) and amount of glycerol (C) on response variables tensile strength, disintegration time and cumulative % drug release. 27 formulations prepared according to CCD and evaluated for physicochemical parameters and in vitro dissolution studies. Citalopram HBr mouth dissolving films formulated by employing solvent-casting method using HPMC E50, maltodextrin and glycerol, optimized for the effective dosage of superdisintegrants. The formulation CF21 with maximum tensile strength of 67.21±1.31 gm, least disintegration time of 9±1.60 sec and highest drug release of 98.41±1.81% is chosen optimal formulation with maximum content uniformity and folding endurance. It is evident from the above results that the developed formulation can be an innovative dosage form to improve the drug delivery, quick onset of action as well as improve patient compliance in the effective management of depression.

Molecular mechanisms of tobacco induced oral and oropharyngeal cancer: Results of a tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry-based study from a tertiary cancer center in India

Background: It is well established that chronic exposure to tobacco induces head and neck cancers but the exact etiopathogenesis is not known. Though studies have shown expression of TIMP1, EPS8 and AXL in cancers, their role in tobacco-induced cancers is not known. We aimed this study to evaluate the role of these molecules in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell cancers (SCC). Materials and Methods: In this single institutional study, 31 patients of oral and oropharyngeal SCC with history of chewing tobacco were included. Smokers were excluded from the study. After informed consent biopsies were taken from affected and contralateral normal mucosa. Paraffin blocks were made and tissue microarray (TMA) were constructed using these blocks. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for TIMP1, EPS8, AXL kinase was carried out on these tissue microarrays. The intensity of staining was scored from 0 to 3+, related to expression of each of the three molecules. Results: The expression of TIMP1, EPS8 and AXL kinase was significantly more in the cancerous mucosa versus non-cancerous mucosa (P = 0.000 in all three) in oral and oropharyngeal SCC exposed to chewing tobacco. Conclusion: Immunohistochemical expression of these molecular markers in oral and oropharyngeal SCC correlated with their molecular based studies. Significant IHC expression of TIMP1, EPS8 and AXL establishes their role in the pathogenesis of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Novel targeted therapies may be researched that can detect and target these molecules at an earlier stage of pathogenesis of these tumors.

South Africans' understanding of and response to the COVID-19 outbreak: An online survey

Background. The COVID-19 outbreak is in an accelerating phase, and South Africa (SA) has had the highest number of documented cases during the early phase of the pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa.Objectives. To assess South Africans' understanding of and response to COVID-19 during the first week of the country's lockdown period.Methods. An online survey was conducted in SA from 27 March to 2 April 2020. The survey was distributed widely among several websites and social media networks, including on a data-free platform. Descriptive statistics of knowledge, risk perception, access to and trust in information sources, and public and media opinions were calculated. Estimates were benchmarked to the 2019 national adult population estimates.Results. Of the 55 823 participants, the majority (83.4%) correctly identified the main symptoms of COVID-19. Over 90% had correct knowledge of the incubation period, with lower rates for 18 - 29-year-olds. Knowledge of symptoms and the incubation period varied significantly by population group (p<0.001), dwelling type (p<0.001) and sex (p<0.001). A quarter (24.9%) perceived themselves as at high risk of contracting COVID-19. Risk perception varied by age, population group, employment status and dwelling type (p<0.001). The most prevalent COVID-19 information sources were government sources (72.9%), news websites/apps (56.3%), satellite television (51.6%) and local television (51.4%).Conclusions. Understanding knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of people facing the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial for guiding strategic policy. These findings provide public understanding of COVID-19 as the phases of the country-level epidemic progress, and also directly inform communication needs and gaps

Design And In Vivo Evaluation Of Manidipine By Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems

The current research is aimed at developing liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (liquid-SNEDDS) of Manidipine for enhanced solubility and oral bioavailability. The Manidipine SNEDDS are formulated with excipients comprising of Capmul MCM (oil phase), Transcutol P (surfactant) Lutrol L 300 as co-surfactant. The prepared fifteen formulations of Manidipine SNEDDS analysed for emulsification time, percentage transmittance, particle size, in vitro drug release, and stability studies. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of the optimized formulation were carried out in Wistar rats in comparison with control (pure drug). The morphology of Manidipine SNEDDS indicates spherical shape with uniform particle distribution. The percentage drug release from optimized formulation F14 is 98.24 ± 5.14%. The particle size F14 formulation was 22.4 nm and Z-Average 23.3 nm. The PDI and zeta potential of Manidipine SNEDDS optimized formulation (F14) were 0.313 and-5.1mV respectively. From in vivo bioavailability data the optimized formulation exhibited a significantly greater Cmax and Tmax of the SNEDDS was found to be 3.42 ± 0.46ng/ml & 2.00 ± 0.05 h respectively. AUC0-∞ infinity for formulation was significantly higher (11.25 ± 3.45 ng.h/ml) than pure drug (7.45 ± 2.24ng. h/ml). Hence a potential SNEDDS formulation of Manidipine developed with enhanced solubility and bioavailability.

Nutritional status and dietary intake among unmarried adolescent girls in rural area of Chittoor district: a community based survey

Background: Nutritional status and dietary intake during adolescent period play a crucial role in their mental and physical development. Objectives of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of undernutrition, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), among unmarried adolescent girls in rural area of Chittoor district; to estimate the average daily intake of different macro and micro-nutrients, i.e., calorie, protein and iron, by the same group by 24-hour dietary recall method; and to identify individual and family level determinants for undernutrition and decreased intake of nutrients.Methods: In this cross-sectional community-based survey anthropometric measurements were done, and dietary intake of unmarried adolescent girls was assessed by 24-hour recall method.Results: Majority is suffering from poor nutrient intake. This is more prominent for calcium [25.1-40.9% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA)] and energy intake (68.6-88.9% of RDA). Only 55% of the adolescents get iron supplementation; rests consume minimal iron (8.5gm) on average. Prevalence of thinness and stunting was 29.4% (95% CI: 20.4%, 38.4%) and 21.4% (95% CI: 13.3, 29.5%) respectively. Economic and housing conditions were associated with low dietary intake and poor nutritional status. Considerable cluster-wise variation exists for both the conditions.Conclusions: High prevalence of stunting and thinness together with substantial macro and micro-nutrient deficiency exist among adolescent girls. Existing national programs for this age group needs adequate supervision. Awareness development regarding locally available low-cost nutritious food together with periodic anthropometric measurements is required

Neonatal umbilical myiasis

Infestation is a state of being invaded or overrun by parasites. Myiasis is an infestation caused by dipterous fly. Even though human myiasis is a rare infestation particularly in newborn period unlike animal myiasis as neonate is just newly introduced to the environment and during this period neonate usually more protected and taken care by us. In rural areas of tropical countries where good hygiene conditions will not be there, authors are still identifying these cases. Risk factors for myiasis usually poor socioeconomic conditions and unhygienic environment. Finding cases of umbilical myiasis usually indicates poor environmental sanitary measures at that particular place. Here authors are presenting a case of neonatal umbilical myiasis caused by Chrysomya megacephala. These flies usually lay their eggs over the wounds or moisture dead necrotic tissues unlike other species of flies where they usually lay eggs over the animal fecus. But some other free-living flies(saprophagous) also cause myiasis due to accidental laying of eggs over dead necrotic tissues due to open defecation. In present case authors identified myiasis as early as third completed day of life, means infestation occurred at the time of delivery as incubation period for hatching eggs to larvae usually 4-8 days. These larvae able to survive inside deep tissue by breathing through a small hole. Even though myiasis usually have good prognosis it will become a focus for secondary infections. If deep-seated causes severe morbidity and even in extreme cases causes death also. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, authors can identify the species by microscopic examination of third stage larvae and finding age of the larvae also useful in identifying time of infestation. Treatments usually direct removal of larvae from the site by manipulation, irrigation, suffocation by ether and surgery if deep-seated. As they usually create nadir for infection by bacteria ruling out secondary infection and treatment is necessary. It is better to take preventive strategies like birthplace cleanliness and environmental sanitation. Tracking the case helpful in finding the places where authors need to improve sanitary measures it is better to give feedback to appropriate administrative officers to prevent home deliveries.