In vitro rescue of interspecific embryos from Elaeis guineensis x E. oleifera (Arecaceae)

The African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is the most effective oil producer in tons per hectare. Nevertheless, its increasing cultivation in Latin America is harmed by the “lethal yellowing”. Genetic resistance to this anomaly can be found in the germplasm of American oil palm or caiaué (E. oleifera), a native species from the Amazon rainforest. However, the procedures adopted to induce seeds of E. guineensis to germination frequently result mild for interespecific hybrids. Embryo in vitro cultivation can be a viable option. This work was aimed initially to test liquid MS medium supplemented with different glucose or sucrose concentrations for the in vitro cultivation of zygotic embryos from E. guineensis x E. oleifera controlled pollinations. Additionally we investigated different compost mixtures to acclimatize the regenerated hybrid plantlets. Concentrations of 10, 20 and 30g/L of both sugars were tested on flasks containing five mature zygotic embryos, with 15 repetitions per treatment in a total of 450 explants. The number of embryos displaying shoots and radicles at least 2mm in length per experimental unit was evaluated during phase one of in vitro cultivation. Plantlets displaying shoots and radicles were transferred to phase two of in vitro cultivation and subsequently to acclimatization, under 70% shading with manual water supply. The experiments of acclimatization were conducted with 130 plantlets randomly distributed in pure horticultural compost, 3:1 or 1:1 compost:sand mixtures and each plantlet was defined as an experimental unit. Data were submitted to ANOVA, t test and analyzes of correlation (p≤0.05). Highest emergence rates were 97% for shoots and 73% for radicles, observed in MS medium supplemented with 20g/L (110mM) of glucose. This sugar in concentrations of 20 or 30g/L provided balanced shoot/root development, and this was considered one of the reasons for the higher frequency of plantlet establishment. The survival percentage was 55% after the first 43 days of acclimatization and by the fourth month, 66 plants developed simultaneously longer shoot and root systems in pure horticultural compost. in conclusion, radicle development was an impairment to plantlet establishment and was overcame under media with glucose above 110mM. Acclimatization could benefit from an extended period of in vitro development. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1081-1088. Epub 2011 September 01.

Elaeis guineensis es el productor de aceite más eficaz en toneladas por hectárea, su cultivo, cada vez mayor en América Latina, se ha visto perjudicado por el “amarilleamiento letal”. La resistencia genética a esta anomalía se puede encontrar en el germoplasma de la palma aceitera americana o caiaué (E. oleifera), una especie nativa de la selva amazónica. Sin embargo, los procedimientos adoptados para inducir la germinación de las semillas de E. guineensis frecuentemente produce resultados modestos para híbridos interespecíficos. El cultivo de embriones in vitro puede ser una opción viable. En este trabajo se probó el medio líquido MS complementado con diferentes concentraciones de glucosa o sacarosa en el cultivo in vitro de embriones cigóticos de E. guineensis x E. oleifera originados de polinización controlada. Además se investigaron diferentes mezclas de compost para aclimatar los híbridos regenerados. Las concentraciones de 10, 20 y 30 g/L de ambos azúcares se probaron en frascos que contenían cinco embriones cigóticos maduros, con 15 repeticiones por tratamiento y un total de 450 explantes. El número de embriones que muestran brotes y radículas de al menos 2mm de longitud por unidad experimental se evaluó durante la primera fase de cultivo in vitro. Las plántulas que mostraron brotes y radículas fueron trasladadas a la segunda fase de cultivo in vitro y, posteriormente, se aclimataron, por debajo de 70% de sombra con el suministro manual de agua. Los experimentos de aclimatación se llevaron a cabo con 130 plántulas distribuidas al azar en el compost hortícola puro, compost 3:1 o 1:1: mezclas de arena y cada plántula se definió como una unidad experimental. Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza, prueba t y análisis de correlación (p≤0.05). Las tasas más altas de emergencia fueron 97% y 73% para brotes y radículas respectivamente, en el medio MS complementado con 20g/L (110mM) de glucosa. Este azúcar en concentraciones de 20 o 30g/L permitió un desarrollo balanceado de brotes/desarrollo de raíces, que fue considerado como una de las razones de la alta frecuencia de establecimiento de las plántulas. El porcentaje de supervivencia fue de un 55% después de los primeros 43 días de aclimatación y por el cuarto mes, 66 plantas desarrollaron simultáneamente hojas largas y un sistema radical en el compost hortícola puro. En conclusión, el desarrollo radicular fue un impedimento para el establecimiento de plántulas y se superó en el medio con glucosa por encima de 110mM. La aclimatación podría beneficiarse con un largo período de desarrollo in vitro.

Reação de dez clones de Seringueira (Hevea benthamiana) a três isolados de Microcyclus ulei

The reaction of ten rubber clones (Hevea benthamiana) to three isolates of Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn.) v. Arx from two pathogenicity groups I and II was evaluated. The monocyclic parameters incubation period, latent period, lesion size and reaction type were studied. A conidial suspension of 2 105 conidia/ml was inoculated on the abaxial leaflet surface in the B1/B2 stage; the seedlings were placed a humid chamber during 24 hours at 24 ± lºC, then transfered to a growth chamber at the same temperature until the last evaluation at 15 days. The majority of the clones showed resistance to the three isolates. There was no significant interaction between clones and isolates in relation to incubation period, but there was significant interaction between clones and isolates in relation to lesion diameter. The clones CNSAM 8218 and CNSAM 8219 were highly resistant and showed the smallest mean lesion diameter when inoculated with isolate EB1, while CNSAM 8219 showed a small mean lesion diameter when inoculated with isolate EB2 also. At the other extreme, the clone CNSAM 8205 showed the largest mean lesion diameter when inoculated with isolate EB1 and the same reaction as clone CNSAM 8204 when inoculated with isolates EB2 and MB1 and clone CNSAM 8201 when inoculated with isolate EB2. These clones show vertical resistance making their unsuitable for the rubber breeding program that plans to obtain clones with horizontal resistance to M. ulei.

Avaliou-se a reação de dez clones de seringueira (Hevea benthamiana Muell. Arg.) frente a três isolados de Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn.) v. Arx, pertencentes aos grupos de patogenicidade I e II, quanto aos parâmetros monocíclicos: período de incubação, período latente, diâmetro da lesão e tipo de reação. Inoculou-se uma suspensão de 2 105 conídios/ml na superfície abaxial de folíolos nos estádios B1/B2, deixou-se por 24 horas em câmara úmida a 24 ± lºC e transferiu-se para câmara de crescimento à mesma temperatura até a última avaliação aos 15 dias. A maioria dos clones testados apresentou resistência aos três isolados. Verificou-se ausência de interação entre clones e isolados com relação ao período de incubação, mas verificou-se interação altamente significativa entre clones e isolados em relação ao diâmetro de lesão. Os clones CNSAM 8218 e CNSAM 8219 foram altamente resistentes e apresentaram os menores diâmetros médios de lesão quando confrontados com o isolado EB1, diferindo significativamente dos demais. CNSAM 8212 também apresentou menor diâmetro de lesão frente ao isolado EB2. O CNSAM 8205, por sua vez, apresentou o maior diâmetro médio de lesão quando inoculado com o isolado EB1 e reação semelhante ao CNSAM 8204 quando inoculado com os isolados EB2 e MB1 e ao CNSAM 8201 quando inoculado com o isolado EB2. Concluiu-se que os clones avaliados apresentaram resistência vertical, o que os torna impróprios para um programa de melhoramento genético de seringueira que vise a obtenção de materiais com resistência horizontal ao M. ulei.