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OBJECTIVES@#To explore the effects of hypoxic and hypobaric conditions on blood gas and erythrocyte-related indicators in rats.@*METHODS@#SD male rats were exposed to low-pressure hypoxic conditions simulating an altitude of 6500 m in a small or a large experimental cabin. Abdominal aortic blood samples were collected and blood gas indicators, red blood cells (RBCs) count, and hemoglobin (Hb) content were measured. The effects of exposure to different hypoxia times, different hypoxia modes, normal oxygen recovery after hypoxia, and re-hypoxia after hypoxia preconditioning on blood gas indicators, RBCs count and Hb content were investigated.@*RESULTS@#The effect of blood gas indicators was correlated with the length of exposure time of hypoxia and the reoxygenation after leaving the cabin. Hypoxia caused acid-base imbalance and its severity was associated with the duration of hypoxia; hypoxia also led to an increase in RBCs count and Hb content, and the increase was also related to the time exposed to hypoxia. The effects of reoxygenation on acid-base imbalance in rats caged in a small animal cabin were more severe that those in a large experimental cabin. Acetazolamide alleviated the effects of reoxygenation after leaving the cabin. Different hypoxia modes and administration of acetazolamide had little effect on RBCs count and Hb content. Normal oxygen recovery can alleviate the reoxygenation and acid-base imbalance of hypoxic rats after leaving the cabin and improve the increase in red blood cell and hemoglobin content caused by hypoxia. The improvement of hypoxia preconditioning on post hypoxia reoxygenation is not significant, but it can alleviate the acid-base imbalance caused by hypoxia in rats and to some extent improve the increase in red blood cell and hemoglobin content caused by hypoxia.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Due to excessive ventilation and elevated RBCs count and Hb content after hypoxia reoxygenation, oxygen partial pressure and other oxygenation indicators in hypoxic rats are prone to become abnormal, while blood gas acid-base balance indicators are relatively stable, which are more suitable for evaluating the degree of hypoxia injury and related pharmacological effects in rats.
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Rats , Animals , Male , Acetazolamide , Hypoxia , Oxygen , Erythrocytes , Hemoglobins , Acid-Base ImbalanceABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze the influence of clinicopathological features on the prognosis of anorectal malignant melanoma (AMM), and to establish a more accurate prognosis prediction model.Methods:From January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2018, at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, the data of 89 patients diagnosed with AMM and underwent operation were retrospectively analyzed. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze factors affecting the prognosis. Backward elimination was used to select variables, Nomogram prognosis prediction model was established and verified internally, and the consistency index was calculated.Results:Among 89 AMM patients, 65 (73.0%) were female, 78(87.6%) were <70 years old, and the most common tumor location was the rectum (48.3%, n=43), followed by the anal canal (31.5%, n=28) and the anorectal canal (20.2%, n=18). Thirty-eight (42.7%) patients directly received abdominal-perineal resection (APR), 37 patients (41.6%) received interferon-based immunotherapy, and 11 patients (12.4%) received both systemic chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The 3-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rate was 41.6%(37/89), and the 5-year DSS rate was 31.5%(28/89). The results of multivariate Cox analysis showed that age ≥70 years old and T2 stage were risk factors of the prognosis of AMM patients (hazard ratio ( HR)=11.29, 4.83; 95% confidence interval ( CI) 2.89 to 44.13, 1.66 to 14.11; both P<0.01), while neurovascular invasion, immunotherapy treatment, systemic chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy, APR after extensive local resection, directly APR and APR combined with inguinal lymphadenectomy were protective factors of the prognosis ( HR=0.09, 0.23, 0.10, 0.13, 0.26, 0.02; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.34, 0.10 to 0.57, 0.02 to 0.49, 0.03 to 0.52, 0.08 to 0.90, 0.00 to 0.27; all P<0.05). The Nomogram model was further established with age, gender, tumor location, T stage, distant metastasis, medication chemotherapy and surgical treatment. The results of the Nomogram model internal verification indicated that the accuracy of the model in predicting 1-year, 3-year and 5-year DSS was good, and the consistency index was 0.749, which was significantly higher than the consistency index of traditional TNM stage (0.607). Conclusions:Most AMM patients are <70 years old, and the majority of them are female. The common location of AMM is rectum, and many patients receive immunotherapy. Age ≥70 years old and T2 stage are risk factors affecting the prognosis of AMM patients. Neurovascalar invasion, immunotherapy based comprehensive treatment, APR after extensive local resection, directly APR and APR combined with inguinal lymphadenectomy are protective factors of the prognosis. Nomogram prognosis prediction model established based on the clinicopathological features and treatment of AMM patients has higher accuracy and clinical reference value than the traditional TNM stage system.
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Biofilms are microbial communities composed of bacteria cells and self-produced extracellular polymeric substances and lead to antibiotic resistance, forming a great threat in the fields of medicine, food industries and so on. The formation of biofilms is a multi-stage dynamic process regulated by multiple mechanisms. Recently, researchers paid much more attention to the related research areas of biofilms, especially the detection methods of biofilms. This paper introduced the characteristics and formation process of biofilms as well as the effects of quorum sensing on biofilms development. Meanwhile, we discussed the detection methods of biofilms, especially electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in detection of biofilms in detail. Furthermore, we reviewed and predicted that microfluidic chips based EIS served as an in-situ and online monitoring method for biofilms growth.
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This study was aimed to optimize the ethanol extraction technology ofXiao-Xu-Ming (XXM) decoction. The extraction rates of paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, tetrandrine and yield extract were used as comprehensive evaluation indexes. The amount of ethanol, extraction times, extraction time and concentration of ethanol were selected as factors. The orthogonal design was used to optimize ethanol reflux extraction technology of XXM decoction. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: refluxing extracted 3 times with 10 folds, 70% ethanol, 1.5 h for each time. It was concluded that the optimized extraction process was objective, practical, reasonable and stable, which provided experimental basis for industrial production of XXM decoction.
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Objective To evaluate the significance of the level change of urinary conductivity (Cond) on the disease progress in the patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy(DN) .Methods 138 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in our hospital were selected and divided into the normoalbuminuria (NUA) ,microalbuminuria (LUA) and macroalbuminuria (MUA) group;then among them 107 cases were re‐divided into the DN group and the diabetes mild renal injury (DC) group .The levels of urinary Cond were measured by using the Sysmex UF‐1000i urine flow cytometer .The urine specific gravity (SG) was detected by the ARKRAY AUTION MAX AX‐4280 analyzer ,and the urine albumin (U‐Alb) was tested by the Siemens BNⅡ automatic protein analyzer .Re‐sults The Cond level in the MUA group was (14 .1 ± 4 .5)ms/cm ,which was lower than (15 .7 ± 4 .3)ms/cm in LUA group(P0 .05) .The area under curve (AUC) of ROC for Cond was 0 .612 (0 .502-0 .723) .When setting the cut‐off vales of Cond as 11 .85 ms/cm ,then the sensitivity was 43 .8% ,and the specificity was 78 .0% . Conclusion The urine Cond level change can reflect the disease progress of DN in T 2DM ,but can not be used as its early screening indicato r .
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Objective:To investigate the serum level of miR-224 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and its clinical diag-nostic significance. Methods:The serum level of miR-224 was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. This study included 42 cases of patients with HCC, 36 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC), 55 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and 40 healthy persons (NC). The relative expressions of miR-224 were calculated. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of miR-224 expression levels in HCC diagnosis. Results:Result shows that the relative miR-224 expression was higher in the serum of HCC patients than that in the CHB, LC, and NC groups. The difference was statistically significant (P0.05). ROC analysis shows that the best critical value of the relative expression levels of miR-224 was 3.47, with sensi-tivity of 82.2%, specificity of 92.8%, and area under the curve of 0.935. Conclusion:The serum level of miR-224 in HCC patients has high specificity, and miR-224 has great potential to become a new serological marker for the diagnosis of HCC.