The trends of changes in children's blood lead levels since the introduction of lead free gasoline in Shanghai / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe trends of changes in blood lead levels in children aged 1 - 6 years during the time period before and after introducing lead free gasoline in Shanghai 1997 and 1999.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Blood lead levels of 1 969 children aged 1 - 6 years were determined by a sampling survey in five districts of Shanghai in August and September, 1997. Blood lead levels of the same population were re-determined by the same method from April to June in 1998 and from August to September in 1999. Filter paper blood lead test was carried out monthly using the filter paper blood lead proficiency testing program of Centers for Disease Control in the United States. The results from blood lead samples were under acceptable ranges during the study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The geometric means of blood lead levels were 83 microgram/L in 1997, 80 microgram/L in 1998 and 76 microgram/L in 1999, respectively. The prevalence rates of childhood lead poisoning (blood lead level was equal or more than 100 microgram/L) were 37.8% in 1997, 25.7% in 1998 and 24.8% in 1999. The amounts of decrease on average blood lead levels in the five districts between 1997 and 1999 were 10 microgram/L, 11 microgram/L, 6 microgram/L, 4 microgram/L and 2 microgram/L, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Lead poisoning is a preventable disease. The average levels of lead in young children in Shanghai decreased significantly after the introduction of lead free gasoline to Shanghai. Lead emissions from vehicles running on leaded gasoline was one of the important contributors to increase the children's blood lead levels in Shanghai. Lead poisoning is not evenly distributed among children in Shanghai, resulting in the different levels of decline.</p>

Determination of uric dopamine content by HPLC-RF for patients with Parkinsons disease treated with laser acupuncture / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE　To determine the concentrations of dopamine (DA) in human urine,studying the change of uric dopamine content before and after laser acupuncture treated Parkinsons disease patients.To estabilsh attemptly the standard of apprasing the treatment method which is combined traditional medical theory with modern technology.METHODS　The urine samples were extracted with organic solvent and determined by HPLC-RF.RESULTS　A good correlation was obtained between dopamine over 20～400 ng*mL-1 and peak height,r=0.9996.The recoveries of DA were (89.69±3.95)%～(92.99±6.5)% for urine samples.There was a close correlation between DA content and the severity of parkinsons disease.The DA content in urine of patients before acupuncture was less than healthy ones.DA content in urine increased most at 4 h and content still maintained high as normal scope at 12 after acupuncture.CONCLUSION　This HPLC-RF assay was sensitive,accurate stable and convenient.It is an important method to evaluate the effects of treated Parkinsons disease by laser acupunctrue.

First Inquiry Accountability System:An Effective Way to Improve the Quality of Pharmaceutical Care / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To improve the quality of pharmaceutical care.METHODS:The first inquiry accountability sys-tem was carried out besides the original system of personal post responsibility.RESUTLS:The personal responsibility has been effectively enhanced.CONCLUSION:The first inquiry accountability system has enlarged the category of pharmaceutical care,and the quality and levels of pharmaceutical care have been improved as well.