ABSTRACT
Iodine accumulation represents a differentiation marker of thyroid cancer (TC) and a cornerstone of benefits from 131I therapy. However, dedifferentiation phenotypes occur in nearly 70% of recurrent or metastatic TCs driven by oncogenic mutations such as B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF), telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoters, and tumor proten p53 (TP53). Beyond genetic alterations, epigenetics, autophagy, tumor microenvironment and other pathways are also involved in the dedifferentiation of TC and the tolerance to 131I therapy. Targeting the above-mentioned pathways has potential to improve the malignant phenotype of TC and restore sensitivity to 131I therapy, which is of great clinical significance. Based on the relevant mechanisms of dedifferentiation, this paper elaborates on the progress of preclinical experiments and clinical studies related to differentiation therapies of TC.
ABSTRACT
With the development of molecular biology and genomics,metagenomics is playing a more important role in forensic science and forensic identification.In recent years,as a branch discipline studying the composition profile and diversity of microbe flora as well as studying the interaction within microbe and with environment,the application of metagenomics has gradually risen and brought new opportunities for forensic identification-related area.In this review,strategy of metagenomics and its application in forensic identification including individual identification,origin determination of biological stain in crime scene and drug abuse detection are summarized.This article aims to elucidate the role and application value of metagenomics in forensic science.