ABSTRACT
@#Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases in human, livestock, and wildlife globally. The prevalence of CE depends upon human behavioral risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host interactions and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. It is a neglected, economic and socio-cultural problem in Pakistan. The available data about the incidence of CE is very limited and no extensive study has been reported in Pakistan. The current study was aimed to analyze the hospital reported cases of CE and the associated risk factors related to the incidence of CE. The hospital-based data of CE for the time period of January 2012-December 2017 was collected from Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Peshawar. The data covered demographic characteristics including age, gender, and cyst localization of infected individuals and socioeconomic determinants. The data was analyzed based upon different risk factors along with the different socioeconomic parameters that has an important impact on the distribution of disease. A total of 228 cases were presented in the selected hospitals of different cities during the study period. Out of total 228 patients, 59.21% were males and 40.78% were females (P<0.001). Most infections have been recorded in young adults (>20-30) showing 22.8% of total infected individuals followed by children (0-10) showing 10.5% (n=24), respectively (P<0.001). Liver was the most vulnerable organ (58.77%, n=134) followed by lungs (14.47%, n=33) (P<0.001). The infection was higher among rural communities (84.2%) than urban (12.8%) (P<0.001). Socioeconomic and demographic factors had an important impact on the intensity of disease (P<0.001). The occurrence of cases in children and young adults was an important finding as it indicated an active transmission of the parasite in Pakistan along with the poverty index. Emergence of echinococcosis in Pakistan showed that emerging health issues in Pakistan could bring the disease to limelight for future research. This finding, together with the fact that 1 hospital reported 214 cases over 6 years 325 underlines the need for a program for prevention/control of this disease in Pakistan. The timely measure needs to be taken to hamper the disease development and establishment. In order to control the disease, complete surveillance should be done which in turn weighs down the disease progress.
ABSTRACT
OBJETIVE: A series of tetraketones has been synthesized by way of a one pot synthesis and screened for inhibitory activity against the enzyme lipoxygenase. METHOD: An efficient and high yielding one pot synthesis to tetraketones [2-22] has been developed by way of tetraethyl ammonium bromide (Et4N+Br-) mediated condensation of cyclohexane-1, 3-dione [1] with a variety of aldehydes. Lipoxygenase enzyme solution was prepared so that enzyme concentration in reaction mixture was adjusted to give rates of 0.05 absorbance/minute. The test compounds were prepared in methanol of concentrations 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 µM. The reaction mixture contained 160 µL (100 mM) sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 10µL of test-compound solution and 20µL of lipoxygenase solution. The contents were mixed and incubated for 10 minutes at 25ºC. The reaction was then initiated by the addition of 10µL substrate solution (linoleic acid, 0.5 mM, 0.12% w/v tween 20 in the ratio of 1:2), with the formation of (9Z,11E)-(13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate, the change of absorbance at 234 nm was followed for 6 minutes. The concentrations of the test compounds that inhibited the lipoxygenase activity by 50% (IC50) were determined by monitoring the effect of increasing concentrations of these compounds in the assays on the degree of inhibition. The IC50 values were calculated by means of the EZ-Fit Enzyme-Kinetics Program (Perrella Scientific Inc., Amherst, USA). RESULT: The tetraketones [2-22] were synthesized in high yields (91-98%) using mild reaction conditions. Most of these compounds showed significant inhibitory activity against the enzyme lipoxygenase. It was found that the presence of substituents which increase delocalization of electrons enhances the inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the study is likely to lead to the discovery of therapeutically efficient agents against important disorders such as inflammation and asthma.
OBJETIVO: Una serie de tetracetonas han sido sintetizadas mediante síntesis de varios pasos en un solo reactor (one-pot), y examinadas en relación con su actividad inhibitoria frente a la enzima lipoxigenasa. MÉTODO: Una síntesis one-pot de un rendimiento alto y eficiente para la obtención de tetracetonas (2-22) ha sido desarrollada mediante bromuro amónico tetraetílico (Et4N+Br-) - de ciclohexano-1,3-diona, con una variedad de aldehídos. La solución de enzima lipoxigenasa fue preparada de modo que la concentración de la enzima en las mezcla de la reacción fue ajustada para que diera tasas de 0.05 absorbancia/minuto. Los compuestos de la prueba fueron preparados en metanol de concentraciones (50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 y 3.125 µM). La mezcla de reacción contenía 160 µL (100 mM) de un tampón (buffer) de fosfato de sodio (pH 8.0), 10µL de solución de compuesto de prueba, y 20µL de solución de lipoxigenasa. Los contenidos fueron mezclados e incubados por 10 minutos a 25ºC. La reacción fue iniciada entonces por la adición de 10µL de solución substrato (ácido linoleico, 0.5 mM, 0.12% p/v tween 20 en proporción de 1:2), con la formación de (9Z, 11E)-(13S)-13-hidroperoxioctadeca-9,11-dienoato, el cambio de absorbancia a 234 nm fue seguido por 6 minutos. Las concentraciones de los compuestos de prueba que inhibían la actividad de la lipoxigenasa en un 50% (IC50) fueron determinadas monitoreando el efecto del aumento de las concentraciones de estos compuestos en los ensayos sobre el grado de inhibición. Los valores IC50 fueron calculados mediante el Programa Cinética de la Enzima EZ-Fit (Perrella Scientific Inc., Amherst, USA). RESULTADOS: Las tetracetonas (2-22) se sintetizaron con elevados rendimientos (91-98%) usando condiciones de reacción leve. La mayoría de estos compuestos mostraron una actividad inhibitoria significativa frente a la enzima lipoxigenasa. Se halló que la presencia de sustituyentes que aumentan la deslocalización de los electrones contribuye a mejorar la actividad inhibitoria. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que es probable que el estudio conduzca al descubrimiento de agentes terapéuticamente eficientes frente a trastornos importantes tales como la inflamación y el asma.
Subject(s)
Ketones/pharmacology , Lipoxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Asthma , Inflammation , Ketones/chemistry , Lipoxygenase Inhibitors/chemistry , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
Cervical carcinoma is a significant health care problem world wide. The Papanicolaou test is the most common effective tool available for early detection of cervical cancer. Blood could have a negative influence on the quality of the pap smear. Good fixation reduces red blood cells of the back ground slides and can help to improve this technique. One of the effective solutions for hemolyzing red blood cells is using Carnoy's solution. The aim of this study was to compare two methods of fixation with Carnoys solution and 96% ethyl alcohol in bloody pap smear slides. This study was done on 450 bloody slides of pap smear prepared from cervical cells of 225 women who referred for annual screening of cervical cancer from 1384-85 in Zeinabie and Faghihi hospitals in Shiraz. In each case, after observation of contact bleeding, two samples with conventional pap smear method were prepared. In the first method one of the samples was fixed in 96% ethyl alcohol for 5 minute and another sample was fixed with Carnoys solution for 20 minutes. Then the slides were stained with papanicolaou method and were evaluated by two pathologists. Collected data were analyzed with Fishers exact test, Pearson chi-square test and Independent sample T test. Results of this study showed that presence of squamous cells and glandular cells in Carnoys fixed slides was more than alcohol-fixed slides. The reduction of red blood cells of the back ground of slides and increase of slide clearance in Carnoys fixed slides were more than alcohol fixed slides. The diagnosis of inflammatory cells and pathogen microorganisms in Carnoy's fixed slides were more than alcohol fixed slides but diagnosis of epithelial cells and glandular cells abnormalities in two methods was not statistically significant. Carnoys stain can be effectively used for proper fixation of Pap smear slides