Trueperella pyogenes como causa de aborto em uma vaca - relato de caso / Trueperella pyogenes as an abortion cause in a cow - case report

Trueperella pyogenes é uma bactéria oportunista que causa mastite, metrite e abortos esporádicos em bovinos. Este trabalho relata um caso incomum de abort em uma vaca por Trueperella pyogenes. Um feto bovino, fêmea, mestiço Brahman, com oito meses de gestação, foi encaminhado para exame anatomopatológico e exames complementares. Na necropsia, evidenciou-se grande quantidade de líquido serossanguinolento e moderada quantidade de fibrina recobrindo a pleura visceral e o saco pericárdico. Os pulmões estavam difusamente avermelhados e consolidados, com áreas firmes esbranquiçadas ao corte de não mais de 1cm. No exame histopatológico, observou-se pneumonia necrossupurativa, pleurite fibrinopurulenta e placentite purulenta. No exame microbiológico, isolou-se T. pyogenes nas amostras de fígado, pulmões, conteúdo abomasal do feto e placenta. O feto foi negativo na PCR para Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii e vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV). Trueperella pyogenes geralmente causa broncopneumonia supurativa com formação de abscessos, porém, no presente feto abortado, observaram-se lesões macro e microscópicas comumente descritas em casos de aborto por Brucella abortus. Este estudo constata, então, a importância dessa bactéria como causa de aborto em bovinos, com lesões semelhantes à brucelose, destacando sua relevância dentro das causas de aborto em bovinos e o potencial zoonótico pouco explorado.(AU)

Trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic bacterium associated with mastitis, metritis and occasional abortion in bovines. Here we report an uncommon case of abortion by T. pyogenes in a cow. An aborted female Brahman bovine fetus, at 8 months of gestational age was submitted for anatomopathological examination and complementary diagnostic tests. Macroscopic findings at necropsy included large amounts of free serum-blood fluid and moderate fibrin deposition covering both the visceral pleura and pericardial sack. The lungs were diffusely reddened and markedly consolidated, showing widespread smaller than 1cm, hard, white nodules. Necrosuppurative pneumonia, fibrinopurulent pleuritis, and purulent placentitis were the main histopathologic alterations observed. Trueperella pyogenes was isolated from liver, lungs, abomasa contents and placental samples. All tissue samples were PCR-negative for Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Although T. pyogenes is often involved in suppurative bronchopneumonia and abscesses formation, macro and microscopic lesions in the present report were compatible with those commonly attributed to Brucella abortus fetal infections. Trueperella pyogenes is an important bovine pathogen with a neglected zoonotic potential being responsible for infections that can mimic other diseases' typical presentations.(AU)

Effects of the organophosphorus pesticide Folisuper 600 (methyl parathion) on the heart function of bullfrog tadpoles, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802)

Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate whether the heart function of bullfrog tadpoles (25 Gosner stage) is affected by their acute exposure (48 h) to a sub-lethal concentration (10 µg.L1) of the active principle of the organophosphorus pesticide Folisuper 600R (methyl parathion - MP). Our results demonstrated that MP causes not only a reduction in tadpoles cardiac ventricular mass, resulting in a marked reduction in their cardiac twitch force, but also impairs their swimming performance, irrespective of increasing their heart rate. Together, these findings indicate that low and realistic concentration of MP have a negative impact on tadpoles performance, jeopardizing their survival.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se a função cardíaca de girinos de rãs-touro (estágio 25 de Gosner) é afetada pela exposição aguda (48h) a uma concentração sub-letal (10 µg.L1) do princípio ativo do pesticida organofosforado Folisuper 600R (metil paration MP). Nossos resultados demonstraram que o MP ocasionou não apenas uma redução na massa ventricular cardíaca dos girinos, como também provocou uma redução na sua força de contração cardíaca e de seu desempenho natatório, a despeito de ter sido observado um aumento de sua freqüência cardíaca. Conjuntamente, os achados aqui obtidos indicam que uma baixa e realística concentração de MP exerce um impacto negativo sobre o desempenho dos girinos, ameaçando sua sobrevivência.

Effects of the organophosphorus pesticide Folisuper 600 (methyl parathion) on the heart function of bullfrog tadpoles, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802) / Efeitos do pesticida organofosforado Folisuper 600 (metil paration) sobre a função cardíaca de girinos de rã-touro, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802)

Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate whether the heart function of bullfrog tadpoles (25 Gosner stage) is affected by their acute exposure (48 h) to a sub-lethal concentration (10 µg.L–1) of the active principle of the organophosphorus pesticide Folisuper 600R (methyl parathion - MP). Our results demonstrated that MP causes not only a reduction in tadpoles’ cardiac ventricular mass, resulting in a marked reduction in their cardiac twitch force, but also impairs their swimming performance, irrespective of increasing their heart rate. Together, these findings indicate that low and realistic concentration of MP have a negative impact on tadpoles’ performance, jeopardizing their survival.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se a função cardíaca de girinos de rãs-touro (estágio 25 de Gosner) é afetada pela exposição aguda (48h) a uma concentração sub-letal (10 µg.L–1) do princípio ativo do pesticida organofosforado Folisuper 600R (metil paration – MP). Nossos resultados demonstraram que o MP ocasionou não apenas uma redução na massa ventricular cardíaca dos girinos, como também provocou uma redução na sua força de contração cardíaca e de seu desempenho natatório, a despeito de ter sido observado um aumento de sua freqüência cardíaca. Conjuntamente, os achados aqui obtidos indicam que uma baixa e realística concentração de MP exerce um impacto negativo sobre o desempenho dos girinos, ameaçando sua sobrevivência.

Compounds used to produce cloned animals are genotoxic and mutagenic in mammalian assays in vitro and in vivo

The compounds 6-dimethylaminopurine and cycloheximide promote the successful production of cloned mammals and have been used in the development of embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer. This study investigated the effects of 6-dimethylaminopurine and cycloheximide in vitro, using the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay to assess cytotoxicity, the trypan blue exclusion assay to assess cell viability, the comet assay to assess genotoxicity, and the micronucleus test with cytokinesis block to test mutagenicity. In addition, the comet assay and the micronucleus test were also performed on peripheral blood cells of 54 male Swiss mice, 35 g each, to assess the effects of the compounds in vivo. The results indicated that both 6-dimethylaminopurine and cycloheximide, at the concentrations and doses tested, were cytotoxic in vitro and genotoxic and mutagenic in vitro and in vivo, altered the nuclear division index in vitro, but did not diminish cell viability in vitro. Considering that alterations in DNA play important roles in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and morphofunctional teratogenesis and reduce embryonic viability, this study indicated that 6-dimethylaminopurine and cycloheximide utilized in the process of mammalian cloning may be responsible for the low embryo viability commonly seen in nuclear transfer after implantation in utero.

Produção, composição do leite e constituintes sangüíneos de cabras alimentadas com diferentes volumosos / Production, milk composition and blood parameters in goats fed different forages

Utilizaram-se nove cabras da raça Saanen, para estudar o efeito de dietas compostas por três diferentes fontes de volumosos, feno de alfafa, silagem de milho e feno de aveia, sobre a ingestão de matéria seca, produção e composição do leite e sobre os constituintes sangüíneos, glicose e uréia plasmáticas, em triplo quadrado latino 3x3. Os consumos de matéria seca e proteína bruta dos animais alimentados com feno de alfafa foram mais altos que os à base de silagem de milho (P<0,05), e os que receberam feno de aveia consumiram mais constituintes da parede celular que os demais (P<0,05). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) das dietas sobre a produção diária de leite (kg/dia), sobre os teores ( por cento) de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais e sobre a contagem de células somáticas (cels/mlx1000). Os animais que consumiram feno de alfafa produziram maiores quantidades (P<0,05) de proteína, gordura e lactose comparados àqueles que receberam dietas com silagem de milho. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre a concentração de glicose plasmática (P>0,05). Os resultados indicaram que a fonte de volumoso, em rações isoenergéticas e isoproteicas, afeta o desempenho dos animais pela alteração no consumo de MS e PB e produção dos constituintes do leite (kg/dia).

Nine Saanen dairy goats, consuming diets composed of three different sources of roughage (alfalfa hay, corn silage, and oat hay) were used to study the effect of those diets on the ingestion of dry matter (DM), on milk production, milk composition, and plasmatic glucose and urea levels. The experimental design was a triple latin square 3x3. The intakes of DM and crude protein by the animals fed on alfalfa hay were higher than those fed ration based on corn silage (P<0.05), while those receiving oat hay presented a higher intake of the cellular wall compared to the others (P<0.05). There was no percentual effect (P>0.05) of the diets on the daily milk production and on the fat, protein, lactose, and total solids contents, and on the somatic cells count (SCC), but those cows that received diets with alfalfa hay produced higher amounts (g/day) (P<0.05) of protein, fat, and lactose than those that received diets with corn silage. There was no effect of the diets on the concentration of plasmatic glucose (P>0.05). It can be concluded that the forage sources affect the animal performance from changes in both DM and CP intakes and production of milk components (kg/day).

Atividade clastogênica e genotóxica de altas concentrações do extratoaquoso de Agaricus brasiliensis e diferentes respostas quando associadoaos inibidores de reparo de DNA, ARA-C e 3DEOT, in vitro / Clastogenic and genotoxic activity of high concentrations of Agaricus

O Agaricus brasiliensis Wasser & Didukh – Ab (=Agaricus blazei Murrill ss. Heinemann) é um basidiomiceto que vem sendo consumido em diversas partes do mundo no combate e tratamento de muitas doenças. Neste estudo, foram testados, em células de ovário de hamster chinês (CHO-k1), os efeitos clastogênicos e genotóxicos de altas concentrações de Ab e seu potencial protetor, por meio dos ensaios de aberração cromossômica (AC) e cometa (SCGE), associados a dois bloqueadores de reparodo DNA (citosina arabinoside trifosfato - Ara-C - inibidor de DNA polimerase α e 3’deoxitimidina5’trifosfato - 3DeoT - inibidor de DNA polimerase β), na presença ou não de um agente alquilante(metilmetanosulfonato). No teste de clastogenicidade, verificou-se que as concentrações 0,2 e 0,4 não se mostraram indutoras de dano, ao contrário da maior concentração (0,6). Nos tratamentos de genotoxicidade no SCGE, a concentração de 0,2 do extrato não mostrou atividade genotóxica, ao contrário das concentrações de 0,4 e 0,6, as quais foram efetivas indutoras de danos no DNA. Os resultados de anticlastogenicidade indicaram que, na maioria dos tratamentos realizados, o extrato aquoso de Ab não apresentou atividade protetora contra danos no DNA, induzidos pela Ara-C e Ara-C + MMS. Pelo SCGE, Ab, nas três concentrações testadas, não mostrou atividade antigenotóxica. Os dados sugerem cuidado no consumo e ingestão de Ab por seres humanos, principalmente em altas concentrações.

Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity assessment of shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Pegler) using the Comet assay

The mushroom shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Pegler) is been widely consumed in many countries, including Brazil, because of its pleasant flavor and reports of its therapeutic properties, although there is little available information on the genotoxicity and/or antigenotoxicity of this mushroom. We used the Comet assay and HEp-2 cells to evaluate the in vitro genotoxic and antigenotoxic activity of aqueous extracts of shiitake prepared in three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/mL) and three different temperatures (4, 22 and 60 ºC), using methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) as a positive control and untreated cells as a negative control. Two concentrations (1.0 and 1.5 mg/mL) of extract prepared at 4 ºC and all of the concentrations prepared at 22 ± 2 and 60 ºC showed moderate genotoxic activity. To test the protective effect of the three concentrations of the extracts against the genotoxicity induced by methyl methanesulfonate, three protocols were used: pre-treatment, simultaneous-treatment and post-treatment. Treatments were repeated for all combinations of preparation temperature and concentration. Two extracts (22 ± 2 ºC 1.0 mg/mL (simultaneous-treatment) and 4 ºC 0.5 mg/mL (post-treatment)) showed antigenotoxic activity.

Effects of crude extracts of Agaricus blazei on DNA damage and on rat liver carcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine

The effects of crude extracts of the mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill (Agaricaceae) on both DNA damage and placental form glutathione S-transferase (GST-P)-positive liver foci induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were investigated. Six groups of adult male Wistar rats were used. For two weeks, animals of groups 3 to 6 were treated with three aqueous solutions of A. blazei (mean dry weight of solids being 1.2, 5.6, 11.5 and 11.5 mg/ml, respectively). After this period, groups 2 to 5 were given a single ip injection 200 mg/kg DEN and groups 1 and 6 were treated with 0.9 NaCl. All animals were subjected to 70 partial hepatectomy at week five and sacrificed 4, 24 and 48 h or 8 weeks after DEN or 0.9 NaCl treatments (10th week after the beginning of the experiment). The alkaline comet assay and GST-P-positive liver foci development were used to evaluate the influence of the mushroom extracts on liver cell DNA damage and on the initiation of liver carcinogenesis, respectively. Previous treatment with the highest concentration of A. blazei (11.5 mg/ml) significantly reduced DNA damage, indicating a protective effect against DEN-induced liver cytotoxicity/genotoxicity. However, the same dose of mushroom extract significantly increased the number of GST-P-positive liver foci

Absence of genotoxic effects of crude and refined red palm oil on mouse bone marrow cells

Red Palm Oil (RPO), extracted from fruits of Elaeis guineensis, is a complex mixture consisting of over 99 per cent glycerides and about 1 per cent non-glyceride compounds. Its orange-red colour is due to its high content of carotenoid pigments, mainly alpha- and beta-carotene. Based on the fact that palm oil is a rich source of provitamin A, and because it is largely consumed in North and Northeastern Brazil, we evaluated possible clastogenic and cytotoxic activities of this oil on mouse bone marrow cells in vivo, as well as the alpha- and beta-carotene content. The experiments were performed using samples of refined and crude palm oil, of which two different phases, supernatant, sediment, and the mixture of both, were tested. The animals were treated by gavage, at daily doses of 4.5 g/Kg, for five consecutive days, and killed 24 hours after the last treatment, for chromosome preparations. The negative control group was treated with corn oil. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and in mitotic index when the animals which received palm oil were compared with the negative control. The beta-carotene content was higher than that of alpha-carotene, and the supematant phase was the richest source of carotenoids. These findings suggest that RPO has no genotoxic effect.

Estudos dos efeitos toxicológicos dos estratos de folhas e frutos de Indigofera suffructosa Mill. em camundongos. I. Estratos hexânicos / Toxicological effects of leaves and fruits extract of Indigofera suffructosa Mill. in mice I. Hexane extracts

A leguminosa indigofera suffruticosa Mill, apresenta potencial forrageiro. Folhas e Frutos foram extraídos com hexano e os extratos obtidos, administrados por via intraperitoneal em camundongos. Encontrou-se a dose tóxica de 5,0g/kg e 7,5g/kg para os extratos hexânicos de folha e fruto respectivamente. As principais alteraçöes foram observadas a nível hepático e pulmonar

Estudo de mutagenese em celulas germinativas de mamiferos: avaliacao dos principais metodos. / Mutagenic studies on mammalian germ cells: methological evaluation

Este trabalho sumariza os metodos mais comumente usados em testes de mutagenicidade de celulas germinativas de mamiferos machos e discute o significado destes metodos em termos de prevencao de defeitos geneticos herdaveis no homem. Entre os metodos discutidos, cinco sao para deteccao de anormalias cromossomicas (dominante letal, translocacao herdavel, cromossomo meiotico complexo sinaptonemico e micronucleo meiotico), um para deteccao de mutacoes (loco especifico) e um ainda nao definitivamente avaliado (analise do espermatozoide)