Produtos naturais ativadores de PPAR e marcadores associados ao processo inflamatório na Síndrome Metabólica / The inflammatory process in the metabolic syndrome: PPAR activators of natural products and markers associated with metabolic disorders

O processo inflamatório é o elo entre a síndrome metabólica e as doenças cardiovasculares. Para verificar a presença e o grau da inflamação, vários biomarcadores têm sido propostos e investigados. Este trabalho tem como objetivo revisar as recentes pesquisas que associam alguns marcadores expressos no tecido adiposo, enfatizando, dentre eles, a adiponectina, a resistina, a leptina e o transportador de glicose GLUT-4 na síndrome metabólica, a relação da inflamação decorrente desse conjunto de desordens metabólicas sob os receptores proliferadores peroxissomais (PPARs), bem como o efeito de diferentes extratos vegetais e produtos naturais bioativos na ativação desses receptores.

The inflammatory process is the link between metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. To verify the presence and degree of inflammation, several biomarkers have been proposed and different receptors have been investigated. This study aims to review recent researches involving some markers expressed in the adipose tissue, emphasizing, among them, adiponectin, resistin, leptin and glucose transporter GLUT-4 in the metabolic syndrome, the relationship of inflammation arising from this set of metabolic disorders on the peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPARs) and the effect of different bioactive compounds in the activation of these receptors.

Anthropometric midarm measurements can detect systemic fat-free mass depletion in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Our objective was to determine whether anthropometric measurements of the midarm (MA) could identify subjects with whole body fat-free mass (FFM) depletion. Fifty-five patients (31 percent females; age: 64.6 ± 9.3 years) with mild/very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 18 smokers without COPD (39 percent females; age: 49.0 ± 7.3 years) and 23 never smoked controls (57 percent females; age: 48.2 ± 9.6 years) were evaluated. Spirometry, muscle strength and MA circumference were measured. MA muscle area was estimated by anthropometry and MA cross-sectional area by computerized tomography (CT) scan. Bioelectrical impedance was used as the reference method for FFM. MA circumference and MA muscle area correlated with FFM and biceps and triceps strength. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that MA circumference and MA muscle area cut-off points presented sensitivity and specificity >82 percent to discriminate FFM-depleted subjects. CT scan measurements did not provide improved sensitivity or specificity. For all groups, there was no significant statistical difference between MA muscle area [35.2 (29.3-45.0) cm²] and MA cross-sectional area values [36.4 (28.5-43.3) cm²] and the linear correlation coefficient between tests was r = 0.77 (P < 0.001). However, Bland-Altman plots revealed wide 95 percent limits of agreement (-14.7 to 15.0 cm²) between anthropometric and CT scan measurements. Anthropometric MA measurements may provide useful information for identifying subjects with whole body FFM depletion. This is a low-cost technique and can be used in a wider patient population to identify those likely to benefit from a complete body composition evaluation.

Swimming training down-regulates plasma leptin levels, but not adipose tissue ob mRNA expression

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of endurance training on leptin levels and adipose tissue gene expression and their association with insulin, body composition and energy intake. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: trained (N = 18) and sedentary controls (N = 20). The trained group underwent swimming training for 9 weeks. Leptin and insulin levels, adiposity and leptin gene expression in epididymal and inguinal adipose tissue were determined after training. There were no differences in energy intake between groups. Trained rats had a decreased final body weight (-10 percent), relative and total body fat (-36 and -55 percent, respectively) and insulin levels (-55 percent) compared with controls (P < 0.05). Although trained animals showed 56 percent lower leptin levels (2.58 ± 1.05 vs 5.89 ± 2.89 ng/mL in control; P < 0.05), no difference in leptin gene expression in either fat depot was demonstrable between groups. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that lower leptin levels in trained rats were due primarily to their lower body fat mass. After adjustment for total body fat, leptin levels were still 20 percent (P < 0.05) lower in exercised rats. In conclusion, nine weeks of swimming training did not affect leptin gene expression, but did lead to a decrease in leptin levels that was independent of changes in body fat.

Estudo comparativo dos métodos de ultra-sonografia, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética no estadiamento e invasäo das estruturas adjacentes por tumores renais / A comparative study of ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the staging and invasion of adjacent structures by renal tumors

OBJETIVO: Comparamos os exames de ultra-som (US), tomografia computadorizada (TC) e ressonância magnética (RM) no estadiamento dos tumores renais, estudando as diferenças entre estes exames em relaçäo a sua capacidade de detecçäo de adenomegalias, invasäo vascular, metástases intra-abdominais à distância e particularmente invasäo dos órgäos adjacentes. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados prospectivamente 31 pacientes portadores de massas renais sólidas ou complexas através dos exames de US, TC e RM. As discordâncias entre os resultados observados foram estudadas através do Teste G de Cochran e Teste de McNemar, além de se calcular a sensibilidade e especificidade de cada método diagnóstico utilizado, considerando-se como "regra de ouro" os achados cirúrgico e anatomopatológico. RESULTADOS: Destes 31 pacientes, 28 eram portadores de massas malignas e três de lesöes benignas. Quanto à detecçäo de adenomegalia, o US mostrou sensibilidade de 63,6 por cento, enquanto a TC e RM tiveram sensibilidade de 90,9 por cento. Em relaçäo à invasäo vascular, o US mostrou sensibilidade de 42,8 por cento enquanto que a TC e a RM tiveram a sensibilidade de 85,7 por cento. Em relaçäo à invasäo de órgäos adjacentes, a sensibilidade foi respectivamente 28,5 por cento (US), 85,7 por cento (TC) e 71,4 por cento (RM). Säo critérios que sugerem a invasäo das estruturas adjacentes: quando estas se encontram envolvidas/englobadas pelo tumor; a extensäo do tumor para o seu interior com superfície de contato irregular; alteraçöes na forma, tamanho e densidade da estrutura adjacente. Somente a perda do plano de gordura e o íntimo contato do tumor com a estrutura adjacente näo indicam invasäo. CONCLUSÖES: Houve diferenças significantes na capacidade de detecçäo do US em relaçäo à TC e RM. Estas duas últimas näo diferiram entre si. Somente em relaçäo às metástases abdominais à distância todos os métodos se mostraram altamente sensíveis e específicos. Além da acurácia dos métodos, tanto para o diagnóstico como no estadiamento, devem ser considerados aspectos relativos à invasibilidade, riscos e preço na ponderaçäo dos custos e benefícios dos diversos exames de diagnóstico por imagem