Tuberculosis co-infection in HIV infected persons of Kathmandu.

Tuberculosis is itself a major Public health problem in Nepal and the emergence HIV further complicated the issue. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted between January 2004 and August 2005, with a general objective to determine the Tuberculosis co-infection status in HIV/AIDS cases of Nepal. Altogether 100 HIV infected persons visiting different Voluntary counseling and testing centers (VCT) and HIV/AIDS care centers located in Kathmandu valley were enrolled in the study. Investigation of tuberculosis was done by standard method prescribed by WHO using sputum specimen. Among 100 HIV infected cases, 66 (66.0%) were males and 34 (34.0%) were females. Majority of the HIV cases were in the age group 21-30 (60.0%) followed by 31-40 (31.0%). Tuberculosis was detected in 23 cases with highest prevalence in the age group 21-30 years (65.2%). No significant relationship could be established between gender and TB (c2 = 0.83, p > 0.01).Significant relationship was established between smoking/alcoholic habit and the subsequent development of tuberculosis (c2 = 7.24, p < 0.05 for smoking habit; c2 = 4.39, p < 0.05 for alcoholic habit at 1 degree of freedom). Among 22 culture positive isolates the predominant was Mycobacterium avium complex (40.9%) followed by M. tuberculosis (27.3%), M. kansasii (18.2%), M. fortuitum (9.1%) and M. chelonae (4.5%). Among the 23 cases of tuberculosis, 22 cases were diagnosed by cultural technique of which 4 cases were smear positive while the remaining one case was diagnosed by direct microscopy although it was culture negative. Smear negative Tuberculosis is found to be alarmingly higher in HIV positive individuals of productive age group. The disease significantly higher in smokers and alcoholics.

Characterization of mycobacteria in HIV/AIDS patients of Nepal.

Besides Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a number of other Mycobacterium species are also occasional human pathogens. Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium kansasii is particularly prevalent in AIDS patients as compared to the normal population. A cross-sectional study was carried out during January 2004 to August 2005 in 100 HIV-infected persons visiting Tribhuvan University, Teaching Hospital, and about a dozen of HIV/AIDS care centers of Kathmandu with the objectives to characterize the different mycobacterial species in HIV/AIDS patients. Three sputum specimens from each person were used to investigate tuberculosis by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, culture and identification tests. Among the 100 HIV-infected cases, 66 (66%) were males and 34 (34%) were females. Sixty percent of the cases were in the age group of 21-30 years. Mycobacteria were detected in 23 (23%) HIV cases of which 15 (65.2%) were in the age group of 21-30 years ; 17(74%) were males and 6 (26 %) were females. Among 23 co-infected cases, 22 were culture positive for mycobacteria. Among these, the predominant one was Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), 9 (41%), followed by M. tuberculosis, 6 (27%), M .kansasii, 4 (18%), M. fortuitum, 2 (10%) and M. chelonae 1 (4%). Significant relationship was established between smoking/alcoholism and the subsequent development of tuberculosis (chi(2)=7.24, p<0.05 for smoking habit and chi(2)=4.39, p<0.05 for alcoholism). Fourteen (61%) co-infected cases presented with weight loss and cough whereas diarrhea was presented only by those patients with atypical mycobacterial co-infection, which was as high as 5 (56%) in patients with MAC co-infection. This study demonstrated the predominance of atypical mycobacteria, mainly MAC, in HIV/AIDS cases and most of them were from sputum smear-negative cases.

Tuberculosis and other clinical presentation of HIV/AIDS in patients with or without undergoing antiretroviral therapy in Kathmandu.

OBJECTIVES: To screen tuberculosis (TB) and examine the clinical presentation of AIDS in HIV sero-positive persons. METHODS: A Cross-sectional study was designed. One hundred HIV infected persons were randomly selected from different parts of the country visiting Tribhuvan University, Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu and different HIV/AIDS care centres. After taking informed consent, questionnaires were filled and three sputum specimens from each person were collected to investigate tuberculosis by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and culture. Data generated were entered into SPSS 11.5 and relevant statistical tools were applied. RESULTS: Among 100 HIV infected cases, 66 (66%) were males and 34 (34%) were females. Sixty percent of the cases were in the age group of 21-30 years. Majority of them were Smokers (41%), alcoholics (34%), illiterates (54%) and unemployed (59%). Heterosexual activity (51%) was found to be the major risk factor for HIV infection. Of the 100 HIV cases, 23 (23%) were co-infected with tuberculosis of which 18(78%) were sputum smear negative tuberculosis, mostly developed in late stage of HIV infection. Weight loss (54%) and diarrhoea (43%) were the major clinical presentations of AIDS. Antiretro-viral therapy non-receiver were more likely to suffer with various clinical disorders/TB as compared to ARV therapy receiver but the values were statistically insignificant, 2 values ranging from 0.003 to 2.24, p>0.05. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of tuberculosis was still high in HIV/AIDS patients, and specifically, sputum smear negative tuberculosis cases constituted the significant proportion, particularly in late stage of HIV infection. Weight loss and diarrhoea were found to be the major clinical presentation of AIDS. Illiterate and unemployed young adults involved in unsafe sexual practice and drug addiction were high risk of acquiring HIV infection. Key words: Clinical features, HIV/AIDS, Kathmandu; Smear Negative Tuberculosis.

Gender variations in the prevalence of parasitic infections and the level of awareness in adolescents in rural Nepal.

The study was conducted in rural school adolescent children to investigate the awareness and its association in parasitic infections in boys and girls. Of the 182 children examined 119 (65.3%) were male and 63 (34.6%) were female, age ranged 12-20 years with median age 15 years. Out of 182 stool samples examined 73 (40%) were found to be positive for parasites in which two or more parasites were found in 10 stool samples. Giardia lamblia 33 (18.1%) was the predominant parasite followed by hook worm 27 (14.8%) Entamoeba histolytica 13 (7.1%), Ascaris lumbricoides 05 (2.7%), Hyminolepis nana 02 (2.2%) and Trichuris trichiuria 01 (0.5%). Thirty-one (49.2%) in 63 females and 40 (33.6%) of the 119 males were positive for parasitic infections. The prevalence of worm infection was significantly higher in female children than male (p < or = 0.05). In contrast to the high parasitic prevalence rate in females they possessed significantly higher levels of awareness about parasitic infections. Out of 119 males 99 (83.2%) and 61 (96.8%) of the 63 females (p < or = 0.05) knew that worms suck food from host body. Similarly, 62.2% of males and 96.85 of females (p < or = 0.05) knew that parasites suck blood from human body. More study should be carried out to find out the gender difference in parasitic infection and level of exposure to risk factors.