Correlation of Obesity and Other Factors with Presence of Extra Hepatic Disease among the Patients Presenting with Fatty Liver

Purpose: To assess the Correlation of obesity and other factors with presence of extrahepatic disease among the patients presenting with fatty liver at CMH Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir. Study design: Correlational Study. Setting: Gastroenterology department CMH//Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayad Al Nahyan Hospital Rawalakot. Duration of study: Six months, from 01-09-2018 to 01-03-2019. Patients and methods: A prospective study was conducted on 51 patients of fatty liver diagnosed on ultrasound by consultant radiologist of own hospital. The demographic profile included age, gender, presence of obesity, triglyceride levels and total cholesterol levels. Common extra-hepatic conditions which were looked for in this study included Diabetes mellitus (DM), Hypertension (HTN), Ischemic heart disease (IHD) and Osteoarthritis (OA) which were diagnosed with the help of detailed history taking, relevant physical examination and laboratory investigations. Results: Out of 51 patients included in the final analysis 31 were male and 20 were female. Twenty-seven participants had one or more co-morbid illnesses while 24 had no such diseases at the time of study. DM was the commonest comorbid illness while OA was least reported. Twenty four patients were obese while 27 had BMI less than 30. The presence of obesity and raised total cholesterol levels had a significant relationship with presence of extra-hepatic illness among the patients presenting with fatty liver. Conclusion: Patients presenting with fatty liver have high prevalence of extrahepatic diseases. Routine screening of common illnesses should be done on all the patients who have been diagnosed as having a fatty liver. Special attention should be given to the patients who had BMI more than 30 or raised total cholesterol levels.

Sleep patterns; among medical and non-medical students of university of Lahore, 2010-11

College students experience a number of sleep problems, which impact academic performance, health, and mood. University students are exposed to pressures due to academic demands. To determine the prevalence of sleep disorders among college students and look into their sleep patterns and life style. A cross-sectional study. Sample was comprised of 141 medical and non-medical students. The study was conducted at University of Lahore and period spanned from Dec 2010 to April 2011. The age ranged 18 to 26, with 42.6 to 57.4 Male-female ratios. Both groups were almost similar in use of sleeping pills [medical: 97.2, non-medical: 82.2%]. They differed in percentages for studying academic books, listening MP 3 player and late night parties/hangouts, wherein medical students outnumbered non-medical students almost by half. Both groups differed in their usual time to sleep, medical students who sleep later than 12 pm was higher [66.2%], compared to 46.6% non-medical. In taking day naps [medical: 70.6%, non-medical: 37.0%], awakening due to noise often [medical: 41.2%, non-medical: 30.1%], nightmares during sleep often [medical: 23.5%, non-medical: 19.5%] and sometimes [medical: 44.1%, non-medical: 30.1%], difficulty in falling sleep sometimes [medical: 50.0%, non-medical: 32.9%], feel sleepiness in the class often [medical: 45.6%, non-medical: 28.8%], feel tired or sleepiness during the day [medical: 36.7%, non-medical: 23.4%]. Both groups also differ regarding worry about "sleep disturbance to some extent". [medical:51.4%, non-medical: 35.6%]. Our study found that medical students had more disturbed sleep patterns than the comparing group including delaying sleep time at night, awakening due to noise, experiencing nightmares, difficulty in falling sleep, feeling sleepiness in the class and during the day

Effective lecture delivery; The medical students' perspective

To assess the perceptions of medical students regarding characteristics of effective delivery of lectures. To make suggestions to promote active listening during Iecture. To give recommendations regarding organization of lecture. Primary data collected by administration of Structured Questionnaire. Descriptive Cross-sectional. University Medical College, University of Lahore. August to September 2011. The study population comprised of 580 students studying at University Medical College of University of Lahore. The study sample was comprised of 123 students, 63 male and 62 female. The sample was determined by using non-probability convenience sampling technique. The study variables included socio-economic demographic and characteristic related to teaching skills and delivery of lectures. The most important effective lecture delivery characteristics noted by the respondents of this study in order of were prior knowledge of the topic [87.8%], subject knowledge [82.9%], basic lecturing skills [77.2%], organization of the lecture [76.5%] and clarity [74%] of the lecturer regarding the underlying concepts. Majority of respondents reported the onset of boredom 20 minutes after the beginning of the lecture [37.4%] and during last 20 minutes [41.5%] in a lecture spanning over 60 minutes. The majority of respondents [78%] felt that they are motivated by the lecture. The most frequent characteristic required for effective teaching was prior knowledge of topic by students before the delivery. This study concludes promoting the friendly atmosphere during the delivery of the lecture.