Dosis efectivas asociadas a estudios híbridos SPECT-CT en pacientes adultos / Effective dose associated to hybrid SPECT-CT imaging in adult patients / Doses eficazes associadas a estudos de SPECT-CT híbridos em pacientes adultos

Introducción: la técnica de imagen híbrida de SPECT-CT combina la imagen de la tomografía por emisión de fotón único (SPECT) con el estudio de tomografía computada (TC), obteniendo información funcional y anatómica en un mismo estudio. La dosis efectiva total de radiación ionizante recibida en los estudios SPECT-CT puede ser estimada a partir de la dosis efectiva atribuible a la actividad administrada del radiofármaco y la dosis efectiva del componente de tomografía computada (TC). Objetivos: estimar la dosis efectiva total en los protocolos SPECT-CT utilizados en población adulta y determinar el aporte adicional del estudio TC sobre la dosis efectiva total. Método: se evaluaron 258 estudios SPECT-CT para estimar la dosis efectiva total aportada por la administración de los radiofármacos y los estudios de TC de baja dosis. Para estimar el aporte de ambos componentes se utilizaron factores de conversión específicos de cada radiofármaco y región explorada mediante TC. Resultados: la dosis efectiva total (media ± DS) en los estudios SPECT-CT fueron: 12,4 ± 1,44 mSv en el estudio de perfusión miocárdica, 1,14 ± 0,25 mSv en ganglio centinela de mama, 8,6 ± 0,6 mSv paratiroides, 1,48 ± 1,02 mSv tiroides y los estudios óseos de las regiones de cuello 4,5 ± 0,3, tórax 6,07 ± 0,3 mSv, abdomen y pelvis 6,1 ± 0,3 mSv. La dosis de radiación aportada por el estudio TC se encuentra entre 0,46 mSv para la región del tórax en el estudio de ganglio centinela de mama y 2,3 mSv para el SPECT-CT óseo en la región de abdomen y pelvis. Conclusión: se logró estimar la dosis efectiva en los protocolos SPECT-CT de uso clínico más frecuente en población adulta y el aporte de los estudios TC a la dosis efectiva total siendo relativamente baja comparado con la dosis aportada por los radiofármacos administrados con la excepción del estudio de ganglio centinela donde la contribución del componente TC es aproximadamente la mitad de la dosis efectiva total.

Introduction: SPECT-CT Hybrid image technique combines the SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) image with the CT (computerized tomography) image to obtain both functional and anatomical images in the same study. The total effective ionizing radiation dose received in SPECT-CT studies may be estimated based on the effective dose from the radiopharmaceutical administered and the effective dose from the CT (computerized tomography) component. Objectives: the study aims to estimate the total effective dose in SPECT-CT protocols applied for the adult population, and to determine the additional contribution from the CT component to the total effective dose. Method: 258 SPECT-CT studies were evaluated to estimate the total effective dose from the administration of radiopharmaceuticals and low dose CT studies. Specific conversion factors for each radiopharmaceutical and area of the body explored with the CT were used to estimate radiation doses from both components. Results: total effective dose (average ± SD) in the SPECT-CT studies was: 12.4 ± 1.44 mSv in the myocardial perfusion study, 1.14 ± 0.25 mSv in the breast sentinel lymph node study, 8.6 ± 0.6 mSv in the parathyroid study, 1.48 ± 1.02 mSv in the thyroid study. As to bone studies, doses found were: 4.5 ± 0.3, in neck studies, 6.07 ± 0.3 mSv in thoracic studies and 6.1 ± 0.3 mSv in abdominal and pelvic studies. The radiation dose from the CT study ranges from 0.46 mSv for the thoracic region on the breast sentinel lymph node study to 2.3 mSv for the bone SPECT-CT study of the abdominal and pelvic region. Conclusions: we managed to estimate the effective dose in the the most frequently used SPECT-CT protocols for the adult population and the contribution of CT studies to the total effective dose. It was found to be relatively low when compared to the dose contributed by the radiopharmaceuticals administered, with the exception of the sentinel lymph node study for which the contribution from the CT study is approximately half the total effective dose.

Introdução: a técnica de imagem híbrida SPECT-CT combina a imagem de tomografia por emissão de fóton único (SPECT) com o estudo de tomografia computadorizada (TC), obtendo informações funcionais e anatômicas no mesmo estudo. A dose efetiva total de radiação ionizante recebida em estudos SPECT-CT pode ser estimada a partir da dose efetiva atribuível à atividade administrada do radiofármaco e da dose efetiva do componente de tomografia computadorizada (TC). Objetivos: estimar a dose efetiva total nos protocolos SPECT-CT utilizados na população adulta e determinar a contribuição adicional do estudo de TC na dose efetiva total. Método : 258 estudos SPECT-CT foram avaliados para estimar a dose efetiva total fornecida pela administração de radiofármacos e estudos de TC de baixa dose. Para estimar a contribuição de ambos os componentes, foram utilizados fatores de conversão específicos para cada radiofármaco e região explorada pela TC. ⁠ Resultados: a dose efetiva total (média ± DP) nos estudos SPECT-CT foi: 12,4 ± 1,44 mSv no estudo de perfusão miocárdica, 1,14 ± 0,25 mSv no linfonodo sentinela mamário, 8,6 ± 0,6 mSv paratireoide, 1,48 ± 1,02 mSv estudos de tireoide e ossos das regiões do pescoço 4,5 ± 0,3, tórax 6,07 ± 0,3 mSv, abdômen e pelve 6,1 ±0,3mSv. A dose de radiação fornecida pelo estudo de TC está entre 0,46 mSv para a região do tórax no estudo do linfonodo sentinela da mama e 2,3 mSv para o SPECT-CT ósseo na região do abdome e pelve. Conclusão: foi possível estimar a dose efetiva nos protocolos de SPECT-CT mais utilizados clinicamente na população adulta e a contribuição dos estudos de TC para a dose efetiva total, sendo relativamente baixa em relação à dose fornecida pelos radiofármacos administrados com a exceção do estudo do linfonodo sentinela onde a contribuição do componente TC é aproximadamente metade da dose efetiva total.

Cáncer de mama y su respuesta al tratamiento neoadyuvante según subtipo molecular / Breast cancer and its response to neoadjuvant treatment according to molecular subtipe

El cáncer de mama es una de las patologías más frecuentes a nivel mundial y en el Ecuador ocupa un sitio importante dentro de la mortalidad; en pacientes con tumores de estadios avanzados la quimioterapia neodyuvante es el procedimiento indicado para lograr una reducción tumoral satisfactoria. El objetivo fue determinar la respuesta clínica y patológica en pacientes con cáncer de mama tratadas con quimioterapia neoadyuvante según cada subtipo molecular, atendidos en el hospital "Teodoro Maldonado Carbo" en el período 2015 a 2017. Se hizo uso de un diseño no experimental, transversal de tipo correlacional. Pacientes con cáncer de mama que recibieron neoadyuvancia, en su mayoría con quimioterapia basada en antraciclinas y taxanos. Se clasificó a las pacientes por sus subtipos moleculares, los mismos se obtuvieron en base a las características inmunohistoquímicas de los reportes de patología que constan en el sistema AS-400. Se comprobó la respuesta clínica al tratamiento usando los Criterios RECIST 1.1. Como resultado los 171 pacientes fueron analizados. La edad promedio de las pacientes fue 55 13 años de edad; el 25% fueron luminal B (HER+), 24% luminal B (HER-), 22% triple negativo, 18% HER2+ y 12% luminal A; el 52% de las pacientes tuvieron estadio III de la enfermedad; el 75% (129) de las pacientes fue realizada una mastectomía radical modificada. Se pudo concluir que la respuesta patológica completa en pacientes con tratamiento neoadyuvante se relaciona con los subtipos moleculares y esto es estadísticamente significativo. Además, se evidenció las mayores tasas de respuesta patológica completa en los grupos moleculares de HER2+ y triple negativo.

Breast cancer is one of the most frequent pathologies worldwide and in Ecuador it occupies an important place in mortality. In patients with advanced stage tumors, the neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is the indicated procedure to achieve a satisfactory tumor reduction. The aim was to determine the clinical and pathological response in patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy according to each molecular subtype, treated at the "Teodoro Maldonado Carbo" hospital in the period 2015 to 2017. We used a non-experimental, crosssectional type design. Patients with breast cancer who received neoadjuvant, mostly with chemotherapy based on anthracyclines and taxanes. The patients were classified by their molecular subtypes, they were obtained based on the immunohistochemical characteristics of the pathology reports that appear in the AS-400 system. The clinical response to treatment was checked using the RECIST 1.1 Criteria. As a result, a sum of 171 patients were analyzed. The average age of the patients was 55 + 13 years old; 25% were luminal B (Her +), 24% luminal B (Her-), 22% triple negative, 18% Her2 + and 12% luminal A; 52% of the patients had stage III of the disease; 75% (129) of the patients underwent a modified radical mastectomy. As a conclusion, the complete pathological response in patients with neoadjuvant treatment is related to molecular subtypes and this is statistically significant. Also, the highest rates of complete pathological response in the molecular groups of Her2 + and triple negative were evident.

Human papillomavirus type 18 E5 oncoprotein cooperates with E6 and E7 in promoting cell viability and invasion and in modulating the cellular redox state

BACKGROUND High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) are the etiological agents of cervical cancer. Among them, types 16 and 18 are the most prevalent worldwide. The HPV genome encodes three oncoproteins (E5, E6, and E7) that possess a high transformation potential in culture cells when transduced simultaneously. In the present study, we analysed how these oncoproteins cooperate to boost key cancer cell features such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, invasion potential, and cellular redox state imbalance. Oxidative stress is known to contribute to the carcinogenic process, as reactive oxygen species (ROS) constitute a potentially harmful by-product of many cellular reactions, and an efficient clearance mechanism is therefore required. Cells infected with HR-HPVs can adapt to oxidative stress conditions by upregulating the formation of endogenous antioxidants such as catalase, glutathione (GSH), and peroxiredoxin (PRX). OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this work was to study how these oncoproteins cooperate to promote the development of certain cancer cell features such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, invasion potential, and oxidative stress that are known to aid in the carcinogenic process. METHODS To perform this study, we generated three different HaCaT cell lines using retroviral transduction that stably expressed combinations of HPV-18 oncogenes that included HaCaT E5-18, HaCaT E6/E7-18, and HaCaT E5/E6/E7-18. FINDINGS Our results revealed a statistically significant increment in cell viability as measured by MTT assay, cell proliferation, and invasion assays in the cell line containing the three viral oncogenes. Additionally, we observed that cells expressing HPV-18 E5/E6/E7 exhibited a decrease in catalase activity and a significant augmentation of GSH and PRX1 levels relative to those of E5, E6/E7, and HaCaT cells. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that HPV-18 E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins can cooperate to enhance malignant transformation.

Fístula arteriovenosa dural espinal: a propósito de un caso / Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: a case report

Las fístulas arteriovenosas durales medulares son malformaciones vasculares adquiridas que constituyen una causa muy infrecuente de mielopatía progresiva (5-10 casos por millón de habitantes por año). La resonancia magnética es el estudio por imágenes de elección para su diagnóstico. A continuación presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 89 años, que consultó a la guardia de nuestra institución por un cuadro de paraparesia moderada asociada a parestesias e incontinencia urinaria posterior a esfuerzo físico. Se le diagnosticó una fístula arteriovenosa dural medular como causante de su cuadro. (AU)

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) are acquired spinal vascular malformations and a rare cause of progressive myelopathy (5-10 new cases per year and per 1 million inhabitants). Magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnosis modality of choice. We present a case of a 89-year-old female patient who consulted the emergency department of our institution because of paraparesis and lower extremities paresthesias associated with urinary incontinence post physical effort. With the final diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula, as a cause of the clinical symptoms. (AU)

Presentación De Mieloma Múltiple En Sistema Nervioso Central / Multiple Myeloma Presentation In Central Nervous System

Resumen El mieloma múltiple es una gammapatía monoclonal en donde proliferan células plasmáticas. Su forma de presentación es con hipercalcemia, lesiones osteolíticas, anemia e insuficiencia renal. La afectación del sistema nervioso central es poco frecuente. Aproximadamente se presenta en 1% de pacientes. Su diagnóstico se realiza por medio del estudio de líquido cefalorraquídeo, con la presencia de células plasmáticas. No existe un tratamiento específico debido a la poca incidencia. Pero ha habido buenos resultados con el tratamiento intratecal.

Summary Multiple myeloma is a monoclonal gammopathy with proliferation of plasma cells. Its form of presentation is hypercalcemia, osteolytic lesions, anemia and renal failure. The involvement of the central nervous system is rare. It occurs approximately in 1% of patients, whose diagnosis is made through the study of cerebrospinal fluid, with the presence of plasma cells. There is no specific treatment due to the low incidence. But there have been good results with intrathecal treatment.

Esquizofrenia y su asociación con enfermedades médicas crónicas / The association of schizophrenia with chronic non transmissible diseases

The life expectancy of patients with schizophrenia (SCH) is 11 to 20 years less than the general population. There is an association between SCH and various diseases and chronic conditions, highlighting the cardio-metabolic diseases. This association has been attributed to the use of antipsychotics, however, evidence has also shown intrinsic susceptibility of schizophrenic patients the development of chronic conditions. This review aims to update knowledge about chronic conditions such as cardiometabolic risk and sleep, bone and kidney disorders related to SCH. These patients have a high prevalence of risk behaviors, including smoking and poor diet. They have a worse metabolic profile than the general population and a greater likelihood of developing metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. SCH has also been associated with other chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease. The high prevalence of these comorbidities in schizophrenic population is not explained solely by the antipsychotic treatment, therefore intrinsic mechanisms associated to SCH are postulated to be associated with these conditions. This new information requires a change in the multidisciplinary medical approach for the study and management of schizophrenic patients.

Tumor neuroectodérmico primitivo do terceiro ventrículo associado a metástase leptomeníngea / Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Third Ventricle Associated with Leptomeningeal Metastases

Os tumores neuroectodérmicos primitivos (PNET) são tumores malignos, não diferenciados, raramente apresentados na idade adulta, principalmente os de localização supratentorial. Apresentamos neste artigo o caso de um paciente de 19 anos, que nos chegou transferido de outro hospital com o diagnóstico de hidrocefalia. A existência do PNET associado a carcinomatose leptomeníngea foi comprovada como causa da hidrocefalia.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are malignant tumors exceptionally present in adulthood, especially those with supratentorial location. In this article, we present the case of a young man who was transfer fromanother institutionwith the diagnosis of hydrocephalus; during his stay, we corroborated the presence of supratentorial PNET associated to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis that was a cause of hydrocephalus.

Adaptación cultural y validación argentina del cuestionario Northwick park de dolor cervical en el ámbito hospitalario de la ciudad autónoma de Buenos Aires / [Cultural adaptation and Argentine validation of the Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire in the hospitals of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires].

OBJECTIVE: [corrected] To make cultural adaptation and validation of the Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire (NPQ) in Argentina, determining its psychometric properties in patients with neck pain of mechanical origin referred to the physiotherapy Service at D. F. Santojanni Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: autorization of original author of the NPQ was requested. Then we make the linguistic adaptation and pilot study. Psychometric analyses included test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient), validity (Pearson correlation coefficient NPQ-Visual Analog Scale, VAS), internal consistency (Cronbach Coefficient Alpha) and sensibility to change (paired t test). Sixty patients were inclueed from September 2007 to February 2009 with mechanical neck pain. The variables percentage of disability (NPQ) and pain (VAS) were measured on the day of admission, 24 hours later and when the patient was discharged. RESULTS: Twenty six patients completed the study, 4 were eliminated and 30 did not complete the 3rd measurement. We get a good test-retest reliability (CCI 0,8979) and a high internal consistency (Cronbach Coefficient Alpha 0,86). Validity obtained a good correlation (r=0,678). Sensitivity to change was good (r=0,661). CONCLUSION: The NPQ is a valid, reliable and sensitive instrument to assess disability associated with neck pain of mechanical origin in patients treated at the hospitals of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires.