ABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: El cáncer de próstata es la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en México, el diagnóstico inicial se hace mediante la medición del antígeno prostático específico y el tacto rectal de la próstata. Sin embargo, hay limitaciones que incluye la capacidad para distinguir con precisión los pacientes con y sin cáncer y aquellos que presentan una forma agresiva de la enfermedad. Los microRNAs se encuentran alterados en el tejido prostático canceroso, incluyendo aquellos casos fármaco resistentes. Los miRNAs son reguladores de la expresión génica y se encuentran involucrados en diversos procesos patológicos. Se ha demostrado que estas moléculas son detectables en orina. Objetivo: Esta revisión presenta la información sobre cuáles son los miRNAs reportados en orina como posibles marcadores para el diagnóstico, pronóstico y respuesta a la terapia en cáncer de próstata. Resultados: De la búsqueda realizada en la bibliografía, se encontraron 13 miRNAs en los diferentes estudios, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-21, miR-148a, miR-375, miR-125b-5p, miR-151-5p, miR-141, miR-200b, miR-221, miR-107, miR-26b-5p, miR-205-5p. Teniendo algunos miRNAs como miR-375, miR-21, miR-141 encontrados en varios estudios. Limitaciones del estudio o implicaciones: Se puede concluir es factible obtener la medición por métodos no invasivos de miRNAs en pacientes con cáncer de próstata. Originalidad o valor: Es un estudio de revisión respecto a los miRNAs obtenidos en muestras de orina en pacientes con cáncer de próstata.
Abstract Introduction: Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Mexico, the initial diagnosis is made by measuring the Prostate Specific Antigen and the digital rectal examination of the prostate. However, there are limitations including the ability to accurately distinguish patients with and without cancer and those with an aggressive form of the disease. MicroRNAs are altered in cancerous prostate tissue, including drug-resistant cases. MiRNAs are regulators of gene expression and are involved in various pathological processes. These molecules have been shown to be detectable in urine. Objective: This review presents the information on which are the miRNAs reported in urine as possible markers for the diagnosis, prognosis and response to therapy in prostate cancer. Results: From the literature search, 13 miRNAs were found in the different studies, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-21, miR-148a, miR-375, miR-125b-5p, miR-151-5p , miR-141, miR-200b, miR-221, miR-107, miR-26b-5p, miR-205-5p. Having some miRNAs like miR-375, miR-21, miR-141 found in various studies. Limitations of the study or implications: It can be concluded that it is feasible to obtain the measurement of miRNAs by non-invasive methods in patients with prostate cancer. Originality or value: It is a review study regarding miRNAs obtained in urine samples in patients with prostate cancer.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Patients with diabetic macular edema can develop fundus autofluorescence alterations; thus far, these alterations have been more widely studied with scanning or confocal laser systems. Objective: To describe and classify fundus autofluorescence abnormal patterns in patients with diabetic macular edema using the fundus autofluorescence system with a flash camera. Method: Observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study. Fundus autofluorescence digital images of non-comparative cases with untreated diabetic macular edema, obtained and stored with a flash camera system, were assessed. Inter-observer variability was evaluated. Results: 37 eyes of 20 patients were included. Lens opacity was the most common cause of inadequate image quality. Five different fundus autofluorescence patterns were observed: decreased (13%), normal (40%), single-spot hyper-autofluorescent (17 %), multiple-spot hyper-autofluorescent (22 %) and plaque-like hyper-autofluorescent (8 %). The kappa coefficient was 0.906 (p = 0.000). Conclusions: Different fundus autofluorescence phenotypic patterns are observed with flash camera systems in patients with diabetic macular edema. A more accurate phenotypic classification could help establish prognostic factors for visual loss or for the design of clinical trials for diabetic macular edema.